Within-Person Effects of Executive Functioning on Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Youth with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Longitudinal Study

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Orm, S., Wood, J., Fossum, I. N., Andersen, P. N., Fjermestad, K., Øie, M. G., & Skogli, E. W. (2024). Within-Person Effects of Executive Functioning on Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Youth with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Longitudinal Study. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 9(4), 554-567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-024-00421-1

Publication date: 17 Oct 2024 Added to AutiHub: 20 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
7
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 7 (14.3%)
  1. Stian Orm *
  2. Jeffrey Wood
  3. Ingrid Nesdal Fossum
  4. Per Normann Andersen
  1. Krister Fjermestad
  2. Merete Glenne Øie
  3. Erik Winther Skogli

Abstract

Abstract Objectives The objective was to disentangle the role of between- and within-person variation in executive functioning (EF) in the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms among youth with neurodevelopmental disorders. Methods We assessed 85 youth with ADHD, 38 youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and 50 typically developing (TD) youth at baseline (Mage = 11.7 years, 64% males), 2-year follow-up, and 10-year follow-up with neuropsychological tests of EF and anxiety and depressive symptoms scales. Results Across groups, depressive symptoms increased with age, whereas anxiety symptoms were stable. Greater within-person improvement in overall EF from baseline to 2-year follow-up predicted reduced anxiety symptoms. Greater within-person improvement in cognitive flexibility predicted reduced depressive symptoms from baseline to 2-year follow-up. Conclusions We conclude that improvement in EF skills in youth may lessen the severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms over time. Thus, EF could be an intervention target to prevent anxiety and depressive symptoms.

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Cited references
105
With a DOI
98
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
5
7 / 105 (6.7%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
3 / 105 (2.9%)
References with detected author names
104 / 105 (99.0%)
Without detected author names
1
Without a structured title
3
Without a stable identifier
4
References with raw author names still to review
1
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
449
From DOI or external metadata
449
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
2
142 / 449 (31.6%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 307 / 449 (68.4%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
7 / 449 (1.6%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 7 / 142 (4.9%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 360 (0.3%).
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