Declining Trajectories of Co-occurring Psychopathology Symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study

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Orm, S., Øie, M. G., Fossum, I. N., Andersen, P. N., & Skogli, E. W. (2021). Declining Trajectories of Co-occurring Psychopathology Symptoms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 724759-724759. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724759

Publication date: 14 Oct 2021 Added to AutiHub: 20 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
5
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 5 (20.0%)
  1. Stian Orm *
  2. Merete Glenne Øie
  3. Ingrid Nesdal Fossum
  4. Per Normann Andersen
  5. Erik Winther Skogli

Abstract

Objective: Our objective was to examine developmental trajectories of co-occurring psychopathology symptoms from childhood to young adulthood in individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and typically developing (TD) individuals. Method: We assessed co-occurring psychopathology symptoms in 61 individuals with ADHD, 26 with ASD, and 40 TD individuals at baseline (T1; M age = 11.72, 64% boys), 2-year follow up (T2; M age = 13.77), and 10-year follow up (T3; M age = 21.35). We analyzed trajectories of internalizing behaviors, externalizing behaviors, and total problems with linear mixed models. Results: From T1 to T3, the ADHD group displayed a small decline in internalizing behaviors (d = −0.49) and large declines in externalizing behaviors (d = −0.78) and total problems (d = −0.71). The ASD group displayed large declines in internalizing behaviors (d = −0.79), externalizing behaviors (d = −0.80), and total problems (d = −0.89). From T1 to T2, the decline in externalizing behaviors and total problems were significantly smaller in the ADHD group compared with the ASD group. The ADHD and the ASD group displayed more co-occurring symptoms compared with the TD group at T3. Conclusion: Individuals with ADHD and ASD, respectively, displayed declines in co-occurring symptoms from childhood to young adulthood. Individuals with ASD displayed an earlier decline compared with individuals with ADHD. Compared with TD individuals, individuals with ADHD and ASD, respectively, continued to display elevated levels of co-occurring symptoms in young adulthood.

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Cited references
105
With a DOI
94
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
10
1 / 105 (1.0%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
4 / 105 (3.8%)
References with detected author names
101 / 105 (96.2%)
Without detected author names
4
Without a structured title
4
Without a stable identifier
6
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
1173
From DOI or external metadata
1173
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
166 / 1173 (14.2%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 1007 / 1173 (85.8%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
1 / 1173 (0.1%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 1 / 166 (0.6%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 1056 (0.1%).
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