Reduced Susceptibility to the Dunning–Kruger Effect in Autistic Employees

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Hartman, L. M., Glassman, H., & Hartman, B. L. (2025). Reduced Susceptibility to the Dunning–Kruger Effect in Autistic Employees. Autism Research, 19(1), e70139-e70139. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70139

Publication date: 12 Nov 2025 Added to AutiHub: 16 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
3
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 3 (33.3%)
  1. Lorne M. Hartman
  2. Harley Glassman
  3. Braxton L. Hartman *

Abstract

ABSTRACT Evidence indicates that autistic individuals are less susceptible to social influence and cognitive biases than non‐autistic individuals. However, no studies have been conducted on the Dunning–Kruger effect (DKE) in autism. The DKE is a cognitive bias in which people with limited expertise in a specific domain overestimate their abilities. The purpose of this study is to compare autistic and non‐autistic employees' self‐assessments of their performance with their objective performance on a popular performance‐based measure of analytic thinking disposition, the CRT (cognitive reflection test). After completing the task, no feedback or clues were provided regarding how well they performed. Participants were then asked to estimate how many questions they answered correctly and compare their performance to other participants by estimating the percentage of peers they outperformed. Results indicated asymmetric calibration of actual versus estimated CRT performance in autistic employees: In the low‐performance group, autistic participants overestimated their abilities less than non‐autistic participants. However, in the high‐performance group, autistic participants underestimated their abilities more than non‐autistic participants. Reduced susceptibility to the DKE highlights potential benefits of autistic employees in the workplace. Theoretical and practical implications consider the intersection of metacognitive awareness, autism, and the DKE in an organizational context.

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Cited references
112
With a DOI
105
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
7
5 / 112 (4.5%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
1 / 112 (0.9%)
References with detected author names
111 / 112 (99.1%)
Without detected author names
1
Without a structured title
1
Without a stable identifier
6
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
387
From DOI or external metadata
387
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
93 / 387 (24.0%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 294 / 387 (76.0%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
5 / 387 (1.3%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 5 / 93 (5.4%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 3 / 310 (1.0%).
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