The Gender-Diversity and Autism Questionnaire: A Community-Developed Clinical, Research, and Self-Advocacy Tool for Autistic Transgender and Gender-Diverse Young Adults

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Strang, J. F., McClellan, L. S., Raaijmakers, D., Caplan, R., Klomp, S. E., Reutter, M., Lai, M. C., Song, M., Gratton, F., Dale, L. K., Schutte, A., Vries, A. d., Gardiner, F., Edwards-Leeper, L., Minnaard, A. L., Eleveld, N. L., corbin, e., Purkis, Y., Lawson, W.,..., & van der Miesen, A. I. (2023). The Gender-Diversity and Autism Questionnaire: A Community-Developed Clinical, Research, and Self-Advocacy Tool for Autistic Transgender and Gender-Diverse Young Adults. Autism in Adulthood, 5(2), 175-190. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2023.0002

Publication date: 1 Jun 2023 Added to AutiHub: 5 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

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Authors

Publication authors
37
Publication authors identified as autistic
11 / 37 (29.7%)
  1. John F. Strang
  2. Lucy S. McClellan
  3. Daphne Raaijmakers
  4. Reid Caplan *
  5. Sascha E. Klomp *
  6. Mindy Reutter
  7. Meng-Chuan Lai
  8. Minneh Song
  9. F. Gratton
  10. Laura Kate Dale
  11. Anouschka Schutte
  12. A. de Vries
  13. Finn Gardiner *
  1. Laura Edwards-Leeper
  2. Amélie Lune Minnaard
  3. Niki Lou Eleveld
  4. endever* corbin *
  5. Yenn Purkis *
  6. Wenn Lawson *
  7. Da-Young Kim
  8. Isa M. van Wieringen
  9. Victoria M. Rodríguez-Roldán *
  10. Marvel C. Harris
  11. Madeline F. Wilks
  12. Gee Abraham *
  13. Anouk Balleur-van Rijn
  1. Ly Xīnzhèn M. Zhǎngsūn Brown *
  2. Alexandra Forshaw
  3. Gary B. Wilks
  4. April Dawn Griffin
  5. Elizabeth K. Graham *
  6. Sandy Krause
  7. Noor Pervez *
  8. Inge A. Bok
  9. Amber Song
  10. Abigail L. Fischbach
  11. Anna I.R. van der Miesen

Abstract

Background: Autistic transgender people face unique risks in society, including inequities in accessing needed care and related mental health disparities. Given the need for specific and culturally responsive accommodations/supports, the characterization of key experiences, challenges, needs, and resilience factors within this population is imperative. This study developed a structured self-report tool for autistic transgender young adults to communicate their experiences and needs in a report format attuned to common autistic thinking and communication styles. Methods: This cross-nation project developed and refined the Gender-Diversity and Autism Questionnaire through an iterative community-based approach using Delphi panel methodology. This proof-of-principle project defined “expertise” broadly, employing a multi-input expert search approach to balance academic-, community-, and lived experience-based expertise. Results: The expert collaborators ( N = 24 respondents) completed a two-round Delphi study, which developed 85 mostly closed-ended items based on 90% consensus. Final item content falls within six topic areas: the experience of identities; the impact of experienced or anticipated discrimination, bias, and violence toward autistic people and transgender people; tasks and experiences of everyday life; gender diversity- or autism-related care needs and history; the experience of others doubting an individual's gender identity and/or autism; and the experience of community and connectedness. The majority of retained items relate to tasks and experiences of everyday life or the impact of experienced or anticipated discrimination, bias, and violence. Conclusions: This study employed a multipronged multimodal search approach to maximize equity in representation of the expert measure development team. The resulting instrument, designed for clinical, research, and self-advocacy applications, has parallel Dutch and English versions and is available for immediate use. Future cross-cultural research with this instrument could help identify contextual risk and resilience factors to better understand and address inequities faced by this large intersectional population.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 02:38.

Cited references
98
With a DOI
66
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
32
11 / 98 (11.2%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
23 / 98 (23.5%)
References with detected author names
75 / 98 (76.5%)
Without detected author names
23
Without a structured title
21
Without a stable identifier
31
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
488
From DOI or external metadata
488
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
25
204 / 488 (41.8%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 284 / 488 (58.2%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
47 / 488 (9.6%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 47 / 204 (23.0%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 35 / 409 (8.6%).
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