The Gender-Diversity and Autism Questionnaire: A Community-Developed Clinical, Research, and Self-Advocacy Tool for Autistic Transgender and Gender-Diverse Young Adults

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Strang, J. F., McClellan, L. S., Raaijmakers, D., Caplan, R., Klomp, S. E., Reutter, M., Lai, M. C., Song, M., Gratton, F., Dale, L. K., Schutte, A., Vries, A. d., Gardiner, F., Edwards-Leeper, L., Minnaard, A. L., Eleveld, N. L., corbin, e., Purkis, Y., Lawson, W.,..., & Miesen, A. I. R. v. d. (2023). The Gender-Diversity and Autism Questionnaire: A Community-Developed Clinical, Research, and Self-Advocacy Tool for Autistic Transgender and Gender-Diverse Young Adults. Autism in Adulthood, 5(2), 175-190. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2023.0002

Publication date: 1 Jun 2023 Added to AutiHub: 5 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
37
Publication authors identified as autistic
5 / 37 (13.5%)
  1. John F. Strang
  2. Lucy S. McClellan
  3. Daphne Raaijmakers
  4. Reid Caplan *
  5. Sascha E. Klomp
  6. Mindy Reutter
  7. Meng-Chuan Lai
  8. Minneh Song
  9. F. Gratton
  10. Laura Kate Dale
  11. Anouschka Schutte
  12. A. de Vries
  13. Finn Gardiner
  1. Laura Edwards-Leeper
  2. Amélie Lune Minnaard
  3. Niki Lou Eleveld
  4. endever* corbin *
  5. Yenn (Jeanette) Purkis *
  6. Wenn Lawson *
  7. Da‐Young Kim
  8. Isa M. van Wieringen
  9. Victoria M. Rodríguez-Roldán
  10. Marvel C. Harris
  11. Madeline F. Wilks
  12. Gee Abraham
  13. Anouk Balleur-van Rijn
  1. Ly Xīnzhèn M. Zhǎngsūn Brown *
  2. Alexandra Forshaw
  3. Gary B. Wilks
  4. April Dawn Griffin
  5. Elizabeth K. Graham
  6. Sandy Krause
  7. Noor Pervez
  8. Inge A. Bok
  9. Amber Y. Song
  10. Abigail L. Fischbach
  11. Anna I. R. van der Miesen

Abstract

Background: Autistic transgender people face unique risks in society, including inequities in accessing needed care and related mental health disparities. Given the need for specific and culturally responsive accommodations/supports, the characterization of key experiences, challenges, needs, and resilience factors within this population is imperative. This study developed a structured self-report tool for autistic transgender young adults to communicate their experiences and needs in a report format attuned to common autistic thinking and communication styles. Methods: This cross-nation project developed and refined the Gender-Diversity and Autism Questionnaire through an iterative community-based approach using Delphi panel methodology. This proof-of-principle project defined “expertise” broadly, employing a multi-input expert search approach to balance academic-, community-, and lived experience-based expertise. Results: The expert collaborators ( N = 24 respondents) completed a two-round Delphi study, which developed 85 mostly closed-ended items based on 90% consensus. Final item content falls within six topic areas: the experience of identities; the impact of experienced or anticipated discrimination, bias, and violence toward autistic people and transgender people; tasks and experiences of everyday life; gender diversity- or autism-related care needs and history; the experience of others doubting an individual's gender identity and/or autism; and the experience of community and connectedness. The majority of retained items relate to tasks and experiences of everyday life or the impact of experienced or anticipated discrimination, bias, and violence. Conclusions: This study employed a multipronged multimodal search approach to maximize equity in representation of the expert measure development team. The resulting instrument, designed for clinical, research, and self-advocacy applications, has parallel Dutch and English versions and is available for immediate use. Future cross-cultural research with this instrument could help identify contextual risk and resilience factors to better understand and address inequities faced by this large intersectional population.

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Cited references
97
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
9 / 97 (9.3%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
29 / 487 (6.0%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 29 / 189 (15.3%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 21 / 410 (5.1%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
189 / 487 (38.8%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 117 / 410 (28.5%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
160 / 189 (84.7%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 160 / 487 (32.9%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 96 / 117 (82.1%).
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