Corrélats cérébraux et comportementaux des déficits sémantiques liés à l'action dans l'autisme
Titre original en anglais : Brain and behavioral correlates of action semantic deficits in autism
Moseley, R., Mohr, B., Lombardo, M., Baron-Cohen, S., Hauk, O., & Pulvermüller, F. (2013). Brain and behavioral correlates of action semantic deficits in autism. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 725-725. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00725
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Résumé
Les circuits perception-action contenant des neurones du système moteur ont été proposés comme les éléments constitutifs de la cognition supérieure ; par conséquent, un dysfonctionnement moteur devrait entraîner des déficits cognitifs. Les troubles du spectre de l'autisme (TSA) sont marqués par des déficiences motrices, mais les implications d'un tel dysfonctionnement moteur pour la cognition supérieure restent incertaines. Nous avons ici utilisé des tâches de lecture de mots et de jugement sémantique afin d'étudier la cognition motrice liée à l'action et l'activation cérébrale correspondante mesurée par IRMf chez des adultes à haut niveau de fonctionnement présentant un TSA. Ces participants ont montré une hypoactivité du cortex moteur lors du traitement du langage par rapport à des témoins au développement typique. Surtout, nous avons également constaté un déficit du traitement sémantique des mots liés à l'action, qui, de manière intrigante, était significativement corrélé à cette sous-activation du cortex moteur en réponse à ces éléments. En outre, l'hypoactivité induite par les mots dans le système moteur prédisait également la sévérité du TSA, exprimée par le nombre de symptômes autistiques mesurés par l'Autism-Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001). Ces corrélations significatives entre l'activation du système moteur induite par les mots et un déficit sémantique nouvellement découvert dans une affection connue pour être caractérisée par des déficiences motrices, ainsi que la corrélation de cette activation avec les traits autistiques généraux, confirment des prédictions critiques de théories causales reliant les déficits cognitifs et sémantiques dans le TSA, en partie, à des circuits perception-action dysfonctionnels et à la réduction résultante de l'activation du système moteur.
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