Autism comorbidities show elevated female‐to‐male odds ratios and are associated with the age of first autism diagnosis

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Rødgaard, E. M., Jensen, K., Miskowiak, K. W., & Mottron, L. (2021). Autism comorbidities show elevated female‐to‐male odds ratios and are associated with the age of first autism diagnosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 144(5), 475-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13345

Publication date: 6 Jul 2021 Added to AutiHub: 15 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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4
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 4 (25.0%)
  1. Eya-Mist Rødgaard *
  2. Kristian Jensen
  3. Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak
  4. Laurent Mottron

Abstract

Abstract Objective To investigate the association between the comorbidity rates in autism and sex, birth year and the age at which autism was first diagnosed and compare the relative impact of each. Method Using the Danish National Patient Registry, cumulative incidences up to the age of 16 for 11 comorbid conditions (psychosis, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, conduct disorder, eating disorders, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, tic disorders, sleep disorders or intellectual disability) were calculated for individuals with autism (N = 16,126) and non‐autism individuals (N = 654,977). Individuals were further stratified based on the age at the first autism diagnoses and comorbid diagnoses up to the age of 16 were compared. Results Most comorbidities were significantly associated with birth year and sex. Female/male odds ratios for 8 of 11 comorbid conditions were up to 67% higher than the corresponding odds ratios in the non‐autism population, including conditions that are generally more common in males than in females as well as conditions that are more common in females. All comorbidity rates were significantly associated with the age at the first autism diagnosis, which was a stronger predictor than sex and birth year for 8 conditions. Conclusions Comorbidity rates for females exceed what would be expected based on the sex ratios among non‐autistic individuals, indicating that the association between autism and comorbidity is stronger in females. Comorbidity rates are also highly dependent on the age at the first autism diagnosis, which may contribute to autism heterogeneity in research and clinical practice.

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57
With a DOI
56
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1
3 / 57 (5.3%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
0 / 57 (0.0%)
References with detected author names
57 / 57 (100.0%)
Without detected author names
0
Without a structured title
0
Without a stable identifier
1
References with raw author names still to review
0
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0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
374
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374
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0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
71 / 374 (19.0%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 303 / 374 (81.0%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
3 / 374 (0.8%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 3 / 71 (4.2%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 2 / 342 (0.6%).
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