Sociocultural context and autistics’ quality of life: A comparison between Québec and France

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Caron, V., Jeanneret, N., Giroux, M., Guerrero, L., Ouimet, M., d’Arc, B. F., Soulières, I., & Courcy, I. (2021). Sociocultural context and autistics’ quality of life: A comparison between Québec and France. Autism, 26(4), 900-913. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211035229

Publication date: 30 Jul 2021 Added to AutiHub: 5 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
OpenAlex source Publisher source (DOI) Full text

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
8
Publication authors identified as autistic
2 / 8 (25.0%)
  1. Vicky Caron
  2. Nuria Jeanneret
  3. Mathieu Giroux *
  4. Lucila Guerrero *
  1. Mélanie Ouimet
  2. Baudouin Forgeot d’Arc
  3. Isabelle Soulières
  4. Isabelle Courcy

Abstract

Quality of life is important for the development and evaluation of interventions for autistic people. It is a multidimensional concept, anchored in a sociocultural context and based on a person’s subjective assessment of their life. The aim of this study is to examine whether the determinants of perceived quality of life vary by country (or culture) by comparing two groups of French-speaking autistic adults ( n = 430), one in France and the other in Québec (Canada). A cross-sectional survey was conducted to provide information on the quality of life (Autism Quality of Life Measure—ASQoL), diagnosis and health conditions, self-evaluation of autistic traits (Autism-Spectrum Quotient—AQ10), and sociodemographic characteristics of these two samples. The results of our comparison of French-speaking autistic adults in France and Québec suggest that sociocultural context has an impact on autistic people’s quality of life ( r 2 = 0.280). The Québec group reported a superior quality of life. The social experience of autism-related stigmatization emerges as a strong predictor of lower quality of life in both groups. However, the two groups differ with other predictors. This study demonstrates the importance of considering sociocultural context in measuring quality of life in autistic adults. It emphasizes the need for awareness programs and public campaigns aimed at identifying and countering stigmatization processes. Lay abstract What is already known about the topic? Quality of life refers to how people perceive aspects of their life such as physical health, material security, and interpersonal relationships. Studies have reported lower quality of life among autistic individuals than in the general population. What does this article contribute? This article contributes to a better understanding of quality of life and its measures from the point of view of autistic adults. By comparing two groups of French-speaking autistic adults from two different places (France and Québec—Canada), this research shows that the perception of quality of life and its determining factors differ for autistic adults living in each country. The Québec group reported a superior quality of life, and some quality of life predictors were different in each group. The social experience of autism-related stigmatization, however, was a powerful predictor of quality of life for all. Implications for practice, research, and policy To promote a higher quality of life for autistic people, it is important to consider the sociocultural context and implement awareness programs and public campaigns aimed at identifying and countering stigmatization processes.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Bibliography inclusion overview

These indicators describe the cited bibliography imported for this publication. Cited-reference metrics use the cited-reference total as denominator. Cited-author metrics state whether they use all cited-author occurrences or only occurrences linked to authors already integrated in the AutiHub database. They use cached links between cited authors and authors integrated in the AutiHub database. Last computed: 16 Aug 2026 11:30.

Cited references
67
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
8 / 67 (11.9%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
17 / 195 (8.7%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 17 / 93 (18.3%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 10 / 171 (5.8%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
93 / 195 (47.7%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 71 / 171 (41.5%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
76 / 93 (81.7%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 76 / 195 (39.0%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 61 / 71 (85.9%).
  1. Kober, Ralph (2011). Enhancing the Quality of Life of People with Intellectual Disabilities . Springer Netherlands.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9650-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W563769715
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Carrie Allison , Bonnie Auyeung , Simon Baron-Cohen (2012). Toward Brief “Red Flags” for Autism Screening: The Short Autism Spectrum Quotient and the Short Quantitative Checklist in 1,000 Cases and 3,000 Controls . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(2), 202-212.e7. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.11.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2100429511
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. null (2016). null . Philosophy Study, 6(9). David Publishing Company.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.17265/2159-5313/2016.09.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2567289819
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Kamp-Becker, Inge , Schröder, Johanna , Helmut Remschmidt , Bachmann, Christian J. (2010). Health-related quality of life in adolescents and young adults with high functioning autism-spectrum disorder . PubMed, 7. German Medical Science GMS Publishing House.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3205/psm000065 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1517975489
    OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Barbara M. Altman (2001). Definitions, Models, Classifications, Schemes, and Applications . In Handbook of disability studies (pp. 97-122). SAGE Publications, Inc..
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4135/9781412976251.n4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2495046692
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Yoko Kamio , Naoko Inada , Tomonori Koyama (2013). A nationwide survey on quality of life and associated factors of adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders . Autism, 17(1), 15-26. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361312436848 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2095938341
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Heidi Sivertsen , Guro Hanevold Bjørkløf , Knut Engedal , Geir Selbæk , Anne-Sofie Helvik (2015). Depression and Quality of Life in Older Persons: A Review . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 40(5-6), 311-339. S. Karger AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1159/000437299 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1845447069
    OpenAlex
  8. Michael Ayres , Jeremy R. Parr , Jacqui Rodgers , David Mason , Leah Avery , Darren Flynn (2018). A systematic review of quality of life of adults on the autism spectrum . Autism, 22(7), 774-783. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317714988 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2743496150
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Eilidh Cage , Jessica Di Monaco , Victoria Newell (2019). Understanding, attitudes and dehumanisation towards autistic people . Autism, 23(6), 1373-1383. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318811290 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2901663576
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. David Saldaña , Rosa M. Álvarez , Silvia Lobatón , Ana M. Lopez , Macarena Moreno , Miguel Rojano (2009). Objective and subjective quality of life in adults with autism spectrum disorders in southern Spain . Autism, 13(3), 303-316. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361309103792 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1977973078
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Eva Billstedt , I. Carina Gillberg , Christopher Gillberg (2011). Aspects of quality of life in adults diagnosed with autism in childhood . Autism, 15(1), 7-20. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361309346066 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2115862862
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Nick Haslam (2006). Dehumanization: An Integrative Review . Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252-264. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2124809053
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Pier Jaarsma , Stellan Welin (2012). Autism as a Natural Human Variation: Reflections on the Claims of the Neurodiversity Movement . Health Care Analysis, 20(1), 20-30. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10728-011-0169-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1993582641
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Monique Botha * , Bridget Dibb , David M. Frost (2020). "Autism is me": An investigation of how autistic individuals make sense of autism and stigma. Center for Open Science.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/gv2mw OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4245116485
    Crossref OpenCitations
  15. So Yoon Kim (2019). The experiences of adults with autism spectrum disorder: Self-determination and quality of life . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 60, 1-15. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2018.12.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2910526802
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. B. Chamak , B. Bonniau (2013). Changes in the Diagnosis of Autism: How Parents and Professionals Act and React in France . Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 37(3), 405-426. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11013-013-9323-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2062105935
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. (n.d.). Botha M. Dibb B. Rusconi P. Frost D. M. (2021 May 3–7). Autistic community connectedness as a moderator of the effect of minority stress on mental health in the autistic population [ePoster session]. International Society for Autism Research 2021 Virtual Annual Meeting. https://stirlingautismresearch.stir.ac.uk/files/2021/05/Autistic-Community-Connectedness-as-a-Moderator-of-the-Effect-of-Minority-Stress-on-Mental-Health-in-the-Autistic-Population.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  18. David Coghill , Marina Danckaerts , Edmund Sonuga‐Barke , Joseph Sergeant , the ADHD European Guidelines Group (2009). Practitioner Review: Quality of life in child mental health – conceptual challenges and practical choices . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(5), 544-561. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02008.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2168895300
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Shawn O. Utsey , Mark H. Chae , Christa F. Brown , Deborah Kelly (2002). Effect of ethnic group membership on ethnic identity, race-related stress, and quality of life. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8(4), 366-377. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/1099-9809.8.4.367 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2080274948
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Matthew J Hollocks , Jian Wei Lerh , Iliana Magiati , Richard Meiser-Stedman , Traolach Brugha (2019). Anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Psychological Medicine, 49(4), 559-572. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718002283 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2889987209
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Brigitte Chamak (2010). Autismes: des représentations multiples, sources de controverses . Enfances & Psy, n° 47(2), 150-158. CAIRN.INFO.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3917/ep.047.0150 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2086279277
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Eilidh Cage , Jessica Di Monaco , Victoria Newell (2018). Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health in Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(2), 473-484. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3342-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766434912
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Susan Carter (2009). Bullying of Students with Asperger Syndrome . Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 32(3), 145-154. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/01460860903062782 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2123440919
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Hsu-Min Chiang , Immanuel Wineman (2014). Factors associated with quality of life in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A review of literature . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(8), 974-986. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2014.05.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2096512339
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Émilie Cappe , Nathalie Poirier , Carol Sankey , Andréa Belzil , Carmen Dionne (2018). Quality of life of French Canadian parents raising a child with autism spectrum disorder and effects of psychosocial factors . Quality of Life Research, 27(4), 955-967. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11136-017-1757-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2771404253
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Robert L. Schalock (2010). The Measurement and Use of Quality of Life-Related Personal Outcomes . In Social Indicators Research Series (pp. 3-16). Springer Netherlands.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9650-0_1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W15089468
    Crossref OpenCitations
  28. Nick Walker * , Dora M Raymaker * (2021). Toward a Neuroqueer Future: An Interview with Nick Walker . Autism in Adulthood, 3(1), 5-10. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.29014.njw OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3106097568
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Domingo García-Villamisar , Paul Wehman , Maria Diaz Navarro (2002). Changes in the quality of autistic people's life that work in supported and sheltered employment. A 5-year follow-up study . Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 17(4), 309-312. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3233/jvr-2002-00170 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2116722720
    Crossref OpenAlex
  30. Marjorie Kagawa-Singer , Geraldine V. Padilla , Kimlin Ashing-Giwa (2010). Health-Related Quality of Life and Culture . Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 26(1), 59-67. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2009.11.008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2161265594
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. J O Renty , Herbert Roeyers (2006). Quality of life in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 10(5), 511-524. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361306066604 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2126485481
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Cohen J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences . Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  33. Lauren P. Lawson , Amanda L. Richdale , Alexandra Haschek , Rebecca L. Flower , Josh Vartuli , Samuel R. C. Arnold et al. (2020). Cross-sectional and longitudinal predictors of quality of life in autistic individuals from adolescence to adulthood: The role of mental health and sleep quality . Autism, 24(4), 954-967. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320908107 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3011778920
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Barbara FC van Heijst , Hilde M. Geurts (2015). Quality of life in autism across the lifespan: A meta-analysis . Autism, 19(2), 158-167. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361313517053 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2150681219
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. (n.d.). Courcy I. Jeanneret N. Caron V. Giroux M. Guerrero L. Ouimet M. Forgeot d’Arc B. Soulières I. (in progress). The quality of life of autistic adults: A first portrait in Québec.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  36. Cramér H. (1946). Mathematical methods of statistics . Mathematical methods of statistics.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  38. Ling-Yi Lin (2014). Quality of Life of Taiwanese Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . PLoS ONE, 9(10), e109567. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109567 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2164709098
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Andy P. Field (2017). Discovering Statistics Using Ibm Spss Statistics .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2249595199
    Crossref OpenAlex
  40. Meng-Chuan Lai , Caroline Kassee , Richard Besney , Sarah Bonato , Laura Hull , Will Mandy et al. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis . The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 819-829. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30289-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2936336589
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Desiree R. Jones , Kilee M. DeBrabander , Noah J. Sasson (2021). Effects of autism acceptance training on explicit and implicit biases toward autism . Autism, 25(5), 1246-1261. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320984896 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3124162729
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Jinkuk Hong , Lauren Bishop-Fitzpatrick , Leann E. Smith , Jan S. Greenberg , Marsha R. Mailick (2016). Factors Associated with Subjective Quality of Life of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Self-Report Versus Maternal Reports . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1368-1378. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2678-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2203061867
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. (n.d.). Harrison A. J. Bildt A. Yu L. Naqvi N. Smit A. K. Low H. Yang C. Saade S. (2021 May 3–7). Assessing autism knowledge and stigma across the global landscape using the ASK-Q [ePoster session]. International Society for Autism Research 2021 Virtual Annual Meeting. https://insar.confex.com/insar/2021/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/37033
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  44. Philippa Moss , Will Mandy , Patricia Howlin (2017). Child and Adult Factors Related to Quality of Life in Adults with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(6), 1830-1837. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3105-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2598640917
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. THE WHOQOL GROUP (1998). Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF Quality of Life Assessment . Psychological Medicine, 28(3), 551-558. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0033291798006667 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2429180991
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Giorgia Sala , Laura Pecora , Merrilyn Hooley , Mark A. Stokes (2020). As Diverse as the Spectrum Itself: Trends in Sexuality, Gender and Autism . Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 7(2), 59-68. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40474-020-00190-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3013746623
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. David Mason , Helen McConachie , Deborah Garland , Alex Petrou , Jacqui Rodgers , Jeremy R. Parr (2018). Predictors of quality of life for autistic adults . Autism Research, 11(8), 1138-1147. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1965 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2800039438
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Rebecca D. Pfeffer (2016). Childhood Victimization in a National Sample of Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 13(4), 311-319. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12203 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2534950342
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. IBM Corporation (2020). IBM Corporation. (2020). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 27. 0) [Released]. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  50. Institut national de la statisque et des études économiques. (2020). Indicateurs de richesse nationales (National wealth indicators). Direction générale du ministère de l’Économie et des Finances. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3281596?sommaire=3281778#tableau-figure2
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  51. Helen McConachie , David Mason , Jeremy R. Parr , Deborah Garland , Colin Wilson , Jacqui Rodgers (2018). Enhancing the Validity of a Quality of Life Measure for Autistic People . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1596-1611. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3402-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2768942203
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Kamp-Becker I. Schröder J. Remschmidt H. Bachmann C. J. (2010). Health-related quality of life in adolescents and young adults with high functioning autism-spectrum disorder. Psycho-Social Medicine 7 Doc03. https://doi.org/10 . 3205/psm000065
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  54. Jonathan A. Weiss , Michelle A. Fardella (2018). Victimization and Perpetration Experiences of Adults With Autism . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 203-203. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00203 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2802963031
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. LimeSurvey Project Team & Schmitz C. (2012). LimeSurvey: An open source survey tool [Computer software]. https://www.limesurvey.org
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  57. A. Paul , C. Gallot , C. Lelouche , M. P. Bouvard , Anouck Amestoy (2018). Victimisation in a French population of children and youths with autism spectrum disorder: a case control study . Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 12(1), 48-48. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13034-018-0256-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2903064302
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. Bethany F. Oakley , Julian Tillmann , Jumana Ahmad , Daisy Crawley , Antonia San José Cáceres , Rosemary Holt et al. (2021). How do core autism traits and associated symptoms relate to quality of life? Findings from the Longitudinal European Autism Project . Autism, 25(2), 389-404. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320959959 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3092212229
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. (n.d.). Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Québec. (2016 June). Statistiques de santé et de bien être selon le sexe—Tout le Québec (Health and wellness statistics by gender-All of Quebec]. Statistique Canada. https://www.msss.gouv.qc.ca/professionnels/statistiques-donnees-sante-bien-etre/statistiques-de-sante-et-de-bien-etre-selon-le-sexe-volet-national/taux-d-emploi-selon-le-niveau-d-etudes/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  62. (n.d.). Reynaud A. (2014 November 27). Trois articles tournant autour du syndrome d’Asperger & de la neurodiversité (Three articles revolving around Asperger’s syndrome & neurodiversity). Les tribulations d’une Aspergirl. http://les-tribulations-dune-aspergirl.com/2014/11/27/trois-articles-tournant-autour-du-syndrome-dasperger-de-la-neurodiversite-novembre-2014/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  63. R. C. Geary , Harold Cramer (1947). Mathematical Methods of Statistics. The Economic Journal, 57(226), 200. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2226151 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4255783720
    OpenAlex
  64. Keith Muller , Jacob Cohen (1989). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences . Technometrics, 31(4), 499-500. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/1270020 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4300870773
    OpenAlex
  65. Smart J. F. (2006). Challenges to the biomedical model of disability . Advances in Medical Psychotherapy & Psychodiagnosis, 12, 41.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  66. Statistique Canada (2018). Taux de chômage, taux d'activité et taux d'emploi selon le niveau de scolarité atteint, données annuelles . Statistics Canada Dissemination. Gouvernement du Canada.
    Type: Dataset DOI: 10.25318/1410002001-fra OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W6963636132
    OpenAlex
  67. Statistics Canada. (2021). Unemployment rate participation rate and employment rate by level of education attained annual data (Table 14-10-0020-01). https://doi.org/10 . 25318/1410002001-fra
    Type: Other
    Crossref