Brief report: Fraudulent data responses as a major threat to validity in online autism research – Case studies from four independent research teams

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. three authors of this publication are identified as autistic in the project.

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Bottini, S., Dwyer, P., Kaplan-Kahn, E. A., Proctor, K. B., Gurba, A. N., & Morton, H. E. (2025). Brief report: Fraudulent data responses as a major threat to validity in online autism research – Case studies from four independent research teams. Research in Autism, 125, 202619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reia.2025.202619

Journal or book title
Research in Autism
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Volume
125
Pages
202619
Article number
202619
Publication date: 14 May 2025 Added to AutiHub: 5 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
6
Publication authors identified as autistic
3 / 6 (50.0%)
  1. Summer Bottini
  2. Patrick Dwyer *
  3. Elizabeth A. Kaplan-Kahn
  1. Kaitlin B. Proctor
  2. Ava N. Gurba *
  3. Hannah E. Morton *

Abstract

No structured abstract stored for this reference.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 17:07.

Cited references
33
With a DOI
28
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
4
11 / 33 (33.3%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
0 / 33 (0.0%)
References with detected author names
33 / 33 (100.0%)
Without detected author names
0
Without a structured title
0
Without a stable identifier
3
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
383
From DOI or external metadata
383
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
126 / 383 (32.9%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 257 / 383 (67.1%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
62 / 383 (16.2%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 62 / 126 (49.2%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 50 / 366 (13.7%).
  1. Damian Milton * , Richard Mills , Elizabeth Pellicano (2014). Ethics and Autism: Where is the Autistic Voice? Commentary on Post et al. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2650-2651. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1739-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2032225339
    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Douglas J. Ahler , Carolyn E. Roush , Gaurav Sood (2025). The micro-task market for lemons: data quality on Amazon's Mechanical Turk . Political Science Research and Methods, 13(1), 1-20. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/psrm.2021.57 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3209468839
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Kaitlyn P Ahlers , Kara B Ayers , Suzannah Iadarola , Rosemary B. Hughes , HYON SOO LEE , Heather J. Williamson (2021). Adapting Participatory Action Research to Include Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities during the COVID-19 Global Pandemic . Developmental Disabilities Network Journal, 1(2), 22. Utah State University.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.26077/ec55-409c OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3155765960
    Crossref OpenAlex
  6. Tamara Garfield , Michael Yudell (2019). Commentary 2: Participatory Justice and Ethics in Autism Research . Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 14(5), 455-457. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1556264619858524b OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2990618991
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  9. Pamela Feliciano , Amy M. Daniels , LeeAnne Green Snyder , Amy Beaumont , Alexies Camba , Amy Esler et al. (2018). SPARK: A US Cohort of 50,000 Families to Accelerate Autism Research . Neuron, 97(3), 488-493. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.015 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2785900161
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Meghan E. Carey , Kiley McLean , Kyle Chvasta , Ashley de Marchena , Anne M. Roux (2025). Methods to reduce fraudulent participation and highlight autistic voices in research . Autism, 29(4), 859-867. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613241298037 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4404704891
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Katherine Pickard , Nuri Reyes , Judy Reaven (2019). Examining the inclusion of diverse participants in cognitive behavior therapy research for youth with autism spectrum disorder and anxiety . Autism, 23(4), 1057. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318795678 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2889046387
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. M. Ariel Cascio (2025). Remote interviewing, accessibility, and scams: Notes on a case of fraudulent responses to a recruitment flyer . Qualitative Research, 25(2), 543-555. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/14687941241255234 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4399138260
    Crossref OpenAlex
  14. Sebastian C.K. Shaw * , Lucy-Jane Davis , Mary Doherty * (2022). Considering autistic patients in the era of telemedicine: the need for an adaptable, equitable, and compassionate approach . BJGP Open, 6(1), BJGPO.2021.0174. Royal College of General Practitioners.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3399/bjgpo.2021.0174 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4206988063
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. M. Ariel Cascio , Jonathan Weiss , Éric Racine (2021). Making Autism Research Inclusive by Attending to Intersectionality: a Review of the Research Ethics Literature . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8(1), 22-36. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40489-020-00204-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3025970378
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Emma Gowen , Rachel Taylor , Thomas Bleazard , Anat Greenstein , Peter Baimbridge * , Daniel Poole (2019). Guidelines for conducting research studies with the autism community . Autism Policy Pract., 2(1), 29.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2987130266
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  18. Chung (2023). Autism: One name for a wide spectrum . INSAR Annual Meeting.
    Type: Other
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  19. Courtney Kennedy , Nicholas Hatley , Arnold Lau , Andrew Mercer , Scott Keeter , Joshua Ferno et al. (2022). Strategies for Detecting Insincere Respondents in Online Polling . Public Opinion Quarterly, 85(4), 1050-1075. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/poq/nfab057 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4212910590
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Andie Storozuk , Marilyn Ashley , Véronic Delage , Erin A. Maloney (2020). Got Bots? Practical Recommendations to Protect Online Survey Data from Bot Attacks . The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 16(5), 472-481. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.20982/tqmp.16.5.p472 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3115100653
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. T.A.M. McDonald (2020). Autism Identity and the “Lost Generation”: Structural Validation of the Autism Spectrum Identity Scale and Comparison of Diagnosed and Self-Diagnosed Adults on the Autism Spectrum . Autism in Adulthood, 2(1), 13. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2019.0069 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3006983109
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. denHouting (2021). Participatory and inclusive autism research practice guides .
    Type: Other
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  24. Lauren Franz , Jill Howard , Marisa Viljoen , Linmarie Sikich , Tara Chandrasekhar , Scott H Kollins et al. (2022). Pragmatic adaptations of telehealth-delivered caregiver coaching for children with autism in the context of COVID-19: Perspectives from the United States and South Africa . Autism, 26(1), 270-275. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211022585 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3167595760
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Jennifer Lawlor , Carl Thomas , Andrew T Guhin , Kendra Kenyon , Matthew D Lerner , UCAS Consortium et al. (2021). Suspicious and fraudulent online survey participation: Introducing the REAL framework . Methodological Innovations, 14(3), 205979912110504. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/20597991211050467 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3211075173
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Cassin W. Gonzales , Jennifer R. Simonell , Mark H.C. Lai , Steven R. Lopez , Jonathan Tarbox (2023). The Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Therapy Utilization Among Racially/Ethnically and Socio-Economically Diverse Autistic Children . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(3), 918. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-05905-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4319657078
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  27. Melissa Simone , Cory J. Cascalheira , Benjamin G. Pierce (2024). A quasi-experimental study examining the efficacy of multimodal bot screening tools and recommendations to preserve data integrity in online psychological research. American Psychologist, 79(7), 956-969. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/amp0001183 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4384818909
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  28. Brittney Goodrich , Marieke Fenton , Jerrod Penn , John Bovay , Travis Mountain (2023). Battling bots: Experiences and strategies to mitigate fraudulent responses in online surveys . Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 45(2), 762-784. Wiley.
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  29. Philippa L Howard , Felicity Sedgewick (2021). ‘Anything but the phone!’: Communication mode preferences in the autism community . Autism, 25(8), 2265-2278. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211014995 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3176767872
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  31. Sebastian C.K. Shaw * , Lucy-Jane Davis (16289837) , Mary Doherty * (2022). Considering autistic patients in the era of telemedicine: the need for an adaptable, equitable, and compassionate approach . INDIGO (University of Illinois at Chicago).
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4220652391
    OpenAlex
  32. Jacqueline Roehl , Darci Harland (2022). Imposter Participants: Overcoming Methodological Challenges Related to Balancing Participant Privacy with Data Quality When Using Online Recruitment and Data Collection . The Qualitative Report, 27(11), 2469. Nova Southeastern University.
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  33. Schiltz (2023). Improving patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) in autism research: Bridging the gap between advanced psychometric techniques and stakeholder priorities . INSAR Annual Meeting.
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