Context Matters: Assessing Sex and Diagnostic Differences in Autistic Children’s Language Across Tasks With Differing Levels of Structure

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Cola, M., Lyons, M., Schillinger, S., Lee, A., Faulk, C., Fulop, L., Knox, A., Howard, N., Franke, H., Mulqueen, A., Cho, S., Liberman, M. Y., Flanagan, A. Y., Pandey, J., Schultz, R., Armstrong, S. L., & Parish-Morris, J. (2026). Context Matters: Assessing Sex and Diagnostic Differences in Autistic Children’s Language Across Tasks With Differing Levels of Structure. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-026-07562-3

Publication date: 22 Oct 2026 Added to AutiHub: 23 Oct 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
17
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 17 (5.9%)
  1. Meredith Cola
  2. Margaret Lyons
  3. Sarah Schillinger
  4. Amanda Lee
  5. Calliana Faulk
  6. Lizzy Fulop
  1. Azia Knox
  2. Nasya Howard
  3. Hannah Franke
  4. Alexandria Mulqueen *
  5. Sunghye Cho
  6. Mark Y. Liberman
  1. Ashlee Yates Flanagan
  2. Juhi Pandey
  3. Robert Schultz
  4. Sharon Lee Armstrong
  5. Julia Parish-Morris

Abstract

Abstract Purpose Examine how task structure and participant sex influence social-word production in verbally fluent autistic and non-autistic youth during two ADOS‑2 Module 3 tasks (Picture Description and Telling a Story From a Book). Methods One hundred eleven verbally fluent autistic and non-autistic youth (ages 6–15) completed ADOS‑2 Module 3. Groups were matched on age and IQ. Transcripts of Picture Description and Telling a Story From a Book were processed with LIWC‑22 to quantify social words. Generalized linear models predicted social word production in each task using age, IQ, sex, and diagnostic group as predictors, including sex-by-diagnosis interactions. Associations between social-word use in each task and ADOS‑2 Social Affect scores were examined within the autistic group. Results In the Picture Description task, there was a significant interactive effect of sex and diagnosis. This was driven by non-autistic girls using more social words than any other subgroup. Autistic girls and boys did not differ. In the Telling a Story From a Book task, there were no significant effects of sex or diagnosis. Within the autistic group, participants who used fewer social words during Picture Description task were rated as having greater social difficulties by expert clinicians. Conclusion Task structure impacts detection of diagnostic and sex-related differences in social language: less structured contexts reveal diagnostic group differences, while structured narrative elicitation attenuates them. Social word production in unstructured settings relates to clinician-rated social difficulties, particularly for autistic girls, highlighting the importance of task selection when assessing pragmatic language.

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 27 Oct 2026 01:01.

Cited references
93
With a DOI
82
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
11
7 / 93 (7.5%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
5 / 93 (5.4%)
References with detected author names
88 / 93 (94.6%)
Without detected author names
5
Without a structured title
5
Without a stable identifier
11
References with raw author names still to review
5
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
557
From DOI or external metadata
557
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
5
261 / 557 (46.9%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 296 / 557 (53.1%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
11 / 557 (2.0%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 11 / 261 (4.2%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 11 / 408 (2.7%).
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