Trajectories of adaptive functioning from early childhood to adolescence in autism: Identifying turning points and key correlates of chronogeneity

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref BibTeX
Learn more about the sources used

Chen, Y., Duku, E., Szatmari, P., Salt, M., Smith, I., Richard, A., Zwaigenbaum, L., Vaillancourt, T., Zaidman‐Zait, A., Bennett, T., Elsabbagh, M., Kerns, C., & Georgiades, S. (2023). Trajectories of adaptive functioning from early childhood to adolescence in autism: Identifying turning points and key correlates of chronogeneity. JCPP Advances, 4(2), e12212-e12212. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12212

Publication date: 14 Dec 2023 Added to AutiHub: 29 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
13
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 13 (7.7%)
  1. Yun‐Ju Chen
  2. Eric Duku
  3. Peter Szatmari
  4. Mackenzie Salt *
  5. Isabel Smith
  1. Annie Richard
  2. Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
  3. Tracy Vaillancourt
  4. Anat Zaidman‐Zait
  5. Terry Bennett
  1. Mayada Elsabbagh
  2. Connor Kerns
  3. Stelios Georgiades

Abstract

Abstract Background Previous research has demonstrated heterogeneous adaptive outcomes across the autism spectrum; however, the current literature remains limited in elucidating turning points and associated factors for longitudinal variability (chronogeneity). To address these empirical gaps, we aimed to provide a finer‐grained characterization of trajectories of adaptive functioning from early childhood to adolescence in autism. Methods Our sample (N = 406) was drawn from an inception cohort of children diagnosed Autistic at ages 2–5. Adaptive functioning was assessed with Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS, 2 nd Edition) across 6 visits from the time of diagnosis by age 18. Parallel‐process latent growth curve modeling were used to estimate domain‐level VABS trajectories, followed by latent class growth analysis to identify trajectory subgroups. Child characteristics at diagnosis, family demographics, and participation outcomes at adolescence were compared across subgroups. Results Piecewise latent growth models best described VABS trajectories with two turning points identified at around ages 5‐6 and 9–10, respectively reflecting transitions into school age and early adolescence. We parsed four VABS trajectory subgroups that vary by level of functioning and change rate for certain domains and periods. Around 16% of the sample exhibited overall adequate functioning (standard score >85) with notable early growth and social adaptation during adolescence. About 21% showed low adaptive functioning (standard score ≤70), with decreasing slopes by age 6 followed by improvements in communication and daily‐living skills by age 10. The other two subgroups (63% in total) were characterized by adaptive functioning between low and adequate levels, with relatively stable trajectories entering school age. These subgroups differed most in their cognitive ability at diagnosis, household income, and social participation in adolescence. Conclusions We identified key individual and family characteristics and time windows associated with distinct adaptive functioning trajectories, which have important implications for providing timely and tailored supports to Autistic people across developmental stages.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 01:40.

Cited references
86
With a DOI
83
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
3
2 / 86 (2.3%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
1 / 86 (1.2%)
References with detected author names
85 / 86 (98.8%)
Without detected author names
1
Without a structured title
1
Without a stable identifier
3
References with raw author names still to review
1
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
568
From DOI or external metadata
568
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
1
267 / 568 (47.0%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 301 / 568 (53.0%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
3 / 568 (0.5%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 3 / 267 (1.1%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 2 / 379 (0.5%).
  1. Trenesha L. Hill , Sarah A. O. Gray , Jodi L. Kamps , R. Enrique Varela (2015). Age and Adaptive Functioning in Children and Adolescents with ASD: The Effects of Intellectual Functioning and ASD Symptom Severity . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(12), 4074-4083. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2522-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1151013983
    Crossref OpenAlex
  2. Ramkumar Aishworiya , Tze Jui Goh , Min Sung , Stacey Kiat Hong Tay (2021). Correlates of adaptive skills in children with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 25(6), 1592-1600. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361321997287 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3137938053
    Crossref OpenAlex
  3. WENDY COSTER , GARY BEDELL , MARY LAW , MARY ALUNKAL KHETANI , RACHEL TEPLICKY , KENDRA LILJENQUIST et al. (2011). Psychometric evaluation of the Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 53(11), 1030-1037. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.04094.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1505304836
    Crossref OpenAlex
  4. Gail A Alvares , Keely Bebbington , Dominique Cleary , Kiah Evans , Emma J. Glasson , Murray Maybery et al. (2020). The misnomer of ‘high functioning autism’: Intelligence is an imprecise predictor of functional abilities at diagnosis . Autism, 24(1), 221-232. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319852831 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2950856395
    Crossref OpenAlex
  5. Catherine Lord , Somer Bishop , Deborah Anderson (2015). Developmental trajectories as autism phenotypes . American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics, 169(2), 198-208. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31440 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1520983519
    Crossref OpenAlex
  6. Deborah K. Anderson , Jessie W. Liang , Catherine Lord (2014). Predicting young adult outcome among more and less cognitively able individuals with autism spectrum disorders . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(5), 485-494. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12178 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2092522680
    Crossref OpenAlex
  7. Stephen M. Kanne , Andrew J. Gerber , Linda M. Quirmbach , Sara S. Sparrow , Domenic V. Cicchetti , Celine A. Saulnier (2011). The Role of Adaptive Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Implications for Functional Outcome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(8), 1007-1018. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1126-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2018926249
    Crossref OpenAlex
  8. Brandon S. Aylward , Diana E. Gal-Szabo , Sharief Taraman (2021). Racial, Ethnic, and Sociodemographic Disparities in Diagnosis of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 42(8), 682-689. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000996 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3199889683
    Crossref OpenAlex
  9. Shulamite A. Green , Alice S. Carter (2014). Predictors and Course of Daily Living Skills Development in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(2), 256-263. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1275-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2045868166
    Crossref OpenAlex
  10. Amaria Baghdadli , Cécile Michelon , Eric Pernon , Marie‐Christine Picot , Stéphanie Miot , Sandrine Sonié et al. (2018). Adaptive trajectories and early risk factors in the autism spectrum: A 15‐year prospective study . Autism Research, 11(11), 1455-1467. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2022 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2895008015
    Crossref OpenAlex
  11. Jeremy R. Sullivan , Suzanne M. Winter , Daniel A. Sass , Nicole Svenkerud (2014). Assessing Growth in Young Children: A Comparison of Raw, Age-Equivalent, and Standard Scores Using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test . Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 28(2), 277-291. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/02568543.2014.883453 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2048218813
    Crossref OpenAlex
  12. Zsuzsa Bakk , Fetene B. Tekle , Jeroen K. Vermunt (2013). Estimating the Association between Latent Class Membership and External Variables Using Bias-adjusted Three-step Approaches . Sociological Methodology, 43(1), 272-311. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0081175012470644 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2168035806
    Crossref OpenAlex
  13. Michael Ungar (2015). Practitioner Review: Diagnosing childhood resilience – a systemic approach to the diagnosis of adaptation in adverse social and physical ecologies . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(1), 4-17. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12306 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2079771528
    Crossref OpenAlex
  14. Vanessa Bal , So Hyun Kim , Daniel Cheong , Catherine Lord (2015). Daily living skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorder from 2 to 21 years of age . Autism, 19(7), 774-784. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315575840 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2118428479
    Crossref OpenAlex
  15. John W. Graham (2003). Adding Missing-Data-Relevant Variables to FIML-Based Structural Equation Models . Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 10(1), 80-100. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1207/s15328007sem1001_4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2081883639
    Crossref OpenAlex
  16. Jessica Bradshaw , Scott Gillespie , Cheryl Klaiman , Ami Klin , Celine A. Saulnier (2019). Early emergence of discrepancy in adaptive behavior and cognitive skills in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 23(6), 1485-1496. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318815662 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2904859059
    Crossref OpenAlex
  17. Dheeraj Rai , Glyn Lewis , Michael Lundberg , Ricardo Araya , Anna Svensson , Christina Dalman et al. (2012). Parental Socioeconomic Status and Risk of Offspring Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Swedish Population-Based Study . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(5), 467-476.e6. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.012 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2083052241
    Crossref OpenAlex
  18. BASIS Team , Giorgia Bussu , Emily Jones , Tony Charman , Mark H. Johnson , Jan K. Buitelaar (2019). Latent trajectories of adaptive behaviour in infants at high and low familial risk for autism spectrum disorder . Molecular Autism, 10(1), 13-13. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0264-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2941331649
    Crossref OpenAlex
  19. Emily Myers , Beth Ellen Davis , Gary Stobbe , Kristie Bjornson (2015). Community and Social Participation Among Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder Transitioning to Adulthood . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2373-2381. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2403-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2086375322
    Crossref OpenAlex
  20. Yun‐Ju Chen , Eric Duku , Anat Zaidman‐Zait , Peter Szatmari , Isabel Smith , Wendy J Ungar et al. (2023). Variable patterns of daily activity participation across settings in autistic youth: A latent profile transition analysis . Autism, 136236132311547. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231154729 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4322720019
    Crossref OpenAlex
  21. Dante Cicchetti , Fred A. Rogosch (2002). A developmental psychopathology perspective on adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 6-20. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.70.1.6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2163390798
    Crossref OpenAlex
  22. Will Mandy , Marianna Murin , Ozlem Baykaner , Sara Staunton , Josselyn Hellriegel , Seonaid Anderson et al. (2016). The transition from primary to secondary school in mainstream education for children with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 20(1), 5-13. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361314562616 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2098640479
    Crossref OpenAlex
  23. Katherine T. Cost , Anat Zaidman‐Zait , Pat Mirenda , Eric Duku , Lonnie Zwaigenbaum , Isabel Smith et al. (2021). “Best Things”: Parents Describe Their Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Over Time . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(12), 4560-4574. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04890-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3127399863
    Crossref OpenAlex
  24. Amie Duncan , Somer Bishop (2015). Understanding the gap between cognitive abilities and daily living skills in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders with average intelligence . Autism, 19(1), 64-72. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361313510068 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2104797649
    Crossref OpenAlex
  25. Jennifer A. Kurth , Ann M. Mastergeorge (2010). Individual Education Plan Goals and Services for Adolescents With Autism: Impact of Age and Educational Setting . The Journal of Special Education, 44(3), 146-160. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0022466908329825 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2111776940
    Crossref OpenAlex
  26. Amy M Daniels , DAVID S. MANDELL (2014). Explaining differences in age at autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A critical review . Autism, 18(5), 583-597. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361313480277 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2129844670
    Crossref OpenAlex
  27. Jessica M. Kramer , Wendy J. Coster , Ying-Chia Kao , Anne Snow , Gael I. Orsmond (2012). A New Approach to the Measurement of Adaptive Behavior: Development of the PEDI-CAT for Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics, 32(1), 34-47. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3109/01942638.2011.606260 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2117230242
    Crossref OpenAlex
  28. Jennifer Das , Laura Hartman , Gillian King , Nicola Jones-Stokreef , Charlotte Moore Hepburn , Melanie Penner (2022). Perspectives of Canadian Rural Consultant Pediatricians on Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Qualitative Study . Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 43(3), 149-158. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3200189694
    Crossref OpenAlex
  29. Erin E. Dempsey , Isabel Smith , Helen E. Flanagan , Eric Duku , Michael A. Lawrence , Peter Szatmari et al. (2020). Psychometric Properties of the Merrill–Palmer–Revised Scales of Development in Preschool Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder . Assessment, 27(8), 1796-1809. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1073191118818754 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2905843226
    Crossref OpenAlex
  30. Peter Szatmari , Stelios Georgiades , Eric Duku , Teresa Bennett , Susan Bryson , Éric Fombonne et al. (2015). Developmental Trajectories of Symptom Severity and Adaptive Functioning in an Inception Cohort of Preschool Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder . JAMA Psychiatry, 72(3), 276. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2463 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2120646369
    Crossref OpenAlex
  31. Pathways in ASD Study Team , Briano Di Rezze , Eric Duku , Peter Szatmari , J. Volden , Stelios Georgiades et al. (2019). Examining Trajectories of Daily Living Skills over the Preschool Years for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(11), 4390-4399. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04150-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2966484522
    Crossref OpenAlex
  32. Daniel A. Newman (2003). Longitudinal Modeling with Randomly and Systematically Missing Data: A Simulation of Ad Hoc, Maximum Likelihood, and Multiple Imputation Techniques . Organizational Research Methods, 6(3), 328-362. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1094428103254673 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2124615740
    Crossref OpenAlex
  33. Maureen S. Durkin , Matthew J. Maenner , Jon Baio , Deborah Christensen , Julie Daniels , Robert Fitzgerald et al. (2017). Autism Spectrum Disorder Among US Children (2002–2010): Socioeconomic, Racial, and Ethnic Disparities . American Journal of Public Health, 107(11), 1818-1826. American Public Health Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2017.304032 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2757083081
    Crossref OpenAlex
  34. Pauline Thomas , Walter Zahorodny , Bo Peng , Soyeon Kim , Nisha Jani , William Halperin et al. (2012). The association of autism diagnosis with socioeconomic status . Autism, 16(2), 201-213. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361311413397 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2141440492
    Crossref OpenAlex
  35. Snæfrídur T Egilson , Gunnhildur Jakobsdóttir , Linda B Ólafsdóttir (2018). Parent perspectives on home participation of high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorder compared with a matched group of children without autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 22(5), 560-570. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316685555 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2605734752
    Crossref OpenAlex
  36. Catherine Lord , Susan Risi , Linda Lambrecht , Edwin H. Cook , Bennett L. Leventhal , Pamela C. DiLavore et al. (2000). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule—Generic: A Standard Measure of Social and Communication Deficits Associated with the Spectrum of Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 205. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1005592401947 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2144446993
    Crossref OpenAlex
  37. Inge‐Marie Eigsti , Deborah Fein , Caroline Larson (2023). Editorial Perspective: Another look at ‘optimal outcome’ in autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64(2), 332-334. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13658 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4283740449
    Crossref OpenAlex
  38. Deborah Fein , Marianne Barton , Inge‐Marie Eigsti , Elizabeth Kelley , Letitia Naigles , Robert T. Schultz et al. (2013). Optimal outcome in individuals with a history of autism . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 195-205. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12037 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2145215768
    Crossref OpenAlex
  39. Mayada Elsabbagh (2020). Linking risk factors and outcomes in autism spectrum disorder: Is there evidence for resilience? Bmj, 368, 368. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l6880 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3003406312
    Crossref OpenAlex
  40. Oi-Man Kwok , Wen Luo , Stephen G. West (2010). Using Modification Indexes to Detect Turning Points in Longitudinal Data: A Monte Carlo Study . Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 17(2), 216-240. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/10705511003659359 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2157413137
    Crossref OpenAlex
  41. Craig Enders , Deborah Bandalos (2001). The Relative Performance of Full Information Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Missing Data in Structural Equation Models . Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 8(3), 430-457. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1207/s15328007sem0803_5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2168646330
    Crossref OpenAlex
  42. Annette M. Estes , Deanna M. Swain , Katherine E. MacDuffie (2019). The effects of early autism intervention on parents and family adaptive functioning . Pediatric Medicine, 2, 21-21. AME Publishing Company.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.21037/pm.2019.05.05 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2949295827
    Crossref OpenAlex
  43. Cristan Farmer , Lauren Swineford , Susan E. Swedo , Audrey Thurm (2018). Classifying and characterizing the development of adaptive behavior in a naturalistic longitudinal study of young children with autism . Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 10(1), 1-1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s11689-017-9222-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2782503203
    Crossref OpenAlex
  44. Cristan Farmer , Audrey Thurm , Emma Condy , Eric Duku , Peter Szatmari , Teresa Bennett et al. (2023). Disentangling global and domain‐level adaptive behavior trajectories among children with autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64(6), 868-875. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13741 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4312114610
    Crossref OpenAlex
  45. Katherine E Pickard , Brooke R Ingersoll (2016). Quality versus quantity: The role of socioeconomic status on parent-reported service knowledge, service use, unmet service needs, and barriers to service use . Autism, 20(1), 106-115. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315569745 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2208546705
    Crossref OpenAlex
  46. Cristan Farmer , Audrey Thurm , Jesse D. Troy , Aaron J. Kaat (2023). Comparing ability and norm-referenced scores as clinical trial outcomes for neurodevelopmental disabilities: a simulation study . Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 15(1), 4-4. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s11689-022-09474-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4317036249
    Crossref OpenAlex
  47. Jennifer A. Kurth , Ann M. Mastergeorge , Katherine Paschall (2016). Economic and demographic factors impacting placement of students with autism . Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 51(1), 3. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/215416471605100102 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2294772209
    Crossref OpenAlex
  48. P. Szatmari , Lonnie Zwaigenbaum , Stelios Georgiades , Mayada Elsabbagh , C. Waddell , Teresa Bennett et al. (2016). Resilience and Developmental Health in Autism Spectrum Disorder . In Positive Mental Health, Fighting Stigma and Promoting Resiliency for Children and Adolescents (pp. 91-109). Elsevier.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804394-3.00005-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2489533047
    Crossref OpenAlex
  49. Yael Fogel , Sara Rosenblum , Naomi Josman (2021). Participation Patterns of Adolescents with and without Executive Function Deficits: Parents’ Perspectives . Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 14(3), 325-342. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/19411243.2020.1862728 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3114806027
    Crossref OpenAlex
  50. Nazilla Khanlou , Nasim Haque , Nida Mustafa , Luz Maria Vazquez , Anne Mantini , Jonathan Weiss (2017). Access Barriers to Services by Immigrant Mothers of Children with Autism in Canada . International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15(2), 239-259. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11469-017-9732-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2578148882
    Crossref OpenAlex
  51. Laura Fontil , Jalisa Gittens , Emily Beaudoin , Ingrid E. Sladeczek (2020). Barriers to and Facilitators of Successful Early School Transitions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Other Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(6), 1866-1881. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03938-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2916973807
    Crossref OpenAlex
  52. Stelios Georgiades , Somer Bishop , Thomas W Frazier (2017). Editorial Perspective: Longitudinal research in autism – introducing the concept of ‘chronogeneity’ . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(5), 634-636. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12690 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2605441208
    Crossref OpenAlex
  53. Stephen J. Gentles , Elise C Ng-Cordell , Michelle C Hunsche , Alana J. McVey , E Dimitra Bednar , Michael G DeGroote et al. (2024). Trajectory research in children with an autism diagnosis: A scoping review . Autism, 28(3), 540-564. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231170280 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4376871022
    Crossref OpenAlex
  54. Stelios Georgiades , CONNIE KASARI (2018). Reframing Optimal Outcomes in Autism . JAMA Pediatrics, 172(8), 716. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1016 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2810066762
    Crossref OpenAlex
  56. Stelios Georgiades , Peter A. Tait , Paul D. McNicholas , Eric Duku , Lonnie Zwaigenbaum , Isabel Smith et al. (2022). Trajectories of Symptom Severity in Children with Autism: Variability and Turning Points through the Transition to School . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(1), 392-401. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04949-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3134367224
    Crossref OpenAlex
  57. Shahar Gindi (2020). Educational placement of students with autism spectrum disorder and its relation to socioeconomic status, intelligence, and diagnosis . International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 66(3), 235-244. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2019.1569359 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2925630081
    Crossref OpenAlex
  58. Heather Joy Nuske , ELIZABETH M. HASSRICK , Briana Bronstein , Lindsay Hauptman , Courtney Aponte , Lynne Levato et al. (2019). Broken bridges—new school transitions for students with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review on difficulties and strategies for success . Autism, 23(2), 306-325. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318754529 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2788730274
    Crossref OpenAlex
  59. Allison T. Meyer , Patrick S. Powell , Nicole Butera , Mark R. Klinger , Laura Klinger (2018). Brief Report: Developmental Trajectories of Adaptive Behavior in Children and Adolescents with ASD . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(8), 2870-2878. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3538-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2789695080
    Crossref OpenAlex
  60. Marie Antoinette Hodge , Kelsie A. Boulton , Rebecca Sutherland , Diana Barnett , Beverley Bennett , Esther Chan et al. (2021). Predictors of adaptive functioning in preschool aged children with autism spectrum disorder . Autism Research, 14(7), 1444-1455. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2501 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3139242265
    Crossref OpenAlex
  61. Lori‐Ann R. Sacrey , Lonnie Zwaigenbaum , Susan Bryson , Jessica Brian , Isabel Smith , Sarah Raza et al. (2019). Developmental trajectories of adaptive behavior in autism spectrum disorder: a high‐risk sibling cohort . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(6), 697-706. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12985 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2897479288
    Crossref OpenAlex
  62. Julian Tillmann , Antonia San José Cáceres , Christopher Chatham , Daisy Crawley , R. J. Holt , Bethany Oakley et al. (2019). Investigating the factors underlying adaptive functioning in autism in the EU‐AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project . Autism Research, 12(4), 645-657. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2081 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2908699339
    Crossref OpenAlex
  63. Rackeb Tesfaye , Valerie Courchesne , Afiqah Yusuf , Tal Savion-Lemieux , Ilina Singh , Keiko Shikako-Thomas et al. (2019). Assuming ability of youth with autism: Synthesis of methods capturing the first-person perspectives of children and youth with disabilities . Autism, 23(8), 1882-1896. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319831487 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2924684014
    Crossref OpenAlex
  64. Meng-Chuan Lai , Evdokia Anagnostou , Max Wiznitzer , Carrie T. Allison , Simon Baron-Cohen (2020). Evidence-based support for autistic people across the lifespan: maximising potential, minimising barriers, and optimising the person–environment fit . Lancet Neurol., 19(5), 434. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30034-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3009489683
    Crossref OpenAlex
  65. Meng-Chuan Lai , Peter Szatmari (2019). Resilience in autism: Research and practice prospects . Autism, 23(3), 539-541. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319842964 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2937802461
    Crossref OpenAlex
  66. Nataly Lim , Mark O’Reilly , Jeff Sigafoos , Giulio E. Lancioni , Neyda J. Sanchez (2021). A Review of Barriers Experienced by Immigrant Parents of Children with Autism when Accessing Services . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8(3), 366-372. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40489-020-00216-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3104039511
    Crossref OpenAlex
  67. Catherine Lord , Tony Charman , Alexandra Havdahl , Paul Carbone , Evdokia Anagnostou , Brian Boyd et al. (2022). The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism . The Lancet, 399(10321), 271-334. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01541-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200099564
    Crossref OpenAlex
  68. Kathryn A. Smith , Jean-G. Gehricke , Suzannah Iadarola , Audrey Wolfe , Karen A. Kuhlthau (2020). Disparities in Service Use Among Children With Autism: A Systematic Review . Pediatrics, 145(Supplement_1), S35-S46. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1895g OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3014541161
    Crossref OpenAlex
  69. James B. McCauley , Andrew Pickles , Marisela Huerta , Catherine Lord (2020). Defining Positive Outcomes in More and Less Cognitively Able Autistic Adults . Autism Research, 13(9), 1548-1560. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2359 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3080278359
    Crossref OpenAlex
  70. Nick Warren , Bridges Eatchel , Anne V. Kirby , Marissa Diener , Cheryl Wright , Valerie D’Astous (2021). Parent-identified strengths of autistic youth . Autism, 25(1), 79-89. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320945556 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3047238683
    Crossref OpenAlex
  71. Jonathan Weiss , Jonathan Lai , Vivian Lee , Yona Lunsky (2021). Predictors of Changes in Daily Activity in Transition‐Age Autistic Youth . Autism Research, 14(2), 324-332. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2371 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3086755387
    Crossref OpenAlex
  72. Bethany Oakley , Julian Tillmann , Jumana Ahmad , Daisy Crawley , Antonia San José Cáceres , R. J. Holt et al. (2021). How do core autism traits and associated symptoms relate to quality of life? Findings from the Longitudinal European Autism Project . Autism, 25(2), 389-404. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320959959 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3092212229
    Crossref OpenAlex
  73. Richard Pender , Pasco Fearon , Jon Heron , Will Mandy (2020). The longitudinal heterogeneity of autistic traits: A systematic review . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 79, 101671. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101671 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3093579293
    Crossref OpenAlex
  74. Andrew Pickles , Nicola Wright , Rachael Bedford , Mandy Steiman , Eric Duku , Teresa Bennett et al. (2022). Predictors of language regression and its association with subsequent communication development in children with autism . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(11), 1243-1251. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13565 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4210728710
    Crossref OpenAlex
  75. Roid G. H. (2004). Merrill‐palmer‐revised scales of development . Merrill‐palmer‐revised scales of development.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  76. Peter Szatmari , Katherine Tombeau Cost , Eric Duku , Teresa Bennett , Mayada Elsabbagh , Stelios Georgiades et al. (2021). Association of Child and Family Attributes With Outcomes in Children With Autism . JAMA Network Open, 4(3), e212530. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.2530 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3151526093
    Crossref OpenAlex
  77. Josephine Shenouda , Emily Barrett , Amy L. Davidow , Kate Sidwell , Cara Lescott , William Halperin et al. (2023). Prevalence and Disparities in the Detection of Autism Without Intellectual Disability . Pediatrics, 151(2). American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-056594 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4318065497
    Crossref OpenAlex
  78. Brittany St. John , Karla Ausderau (2021). Relationships Between Household Income and Functional Independent Behavior for Children With Autism . OTJR: Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 41(4), 243-250. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/15394492211012654 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3158774371
    Crossref OpenAlex
  79. Jessica Suhrheinrich , Brittney V. Root , Melina Melgarejo , Kelsey Dickson , Sarah Vejnoska , Sarah R. Reith (2021). Exploring differences and disparities in school-based services received by students with autism: A systematic review . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 85, 101791. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101791 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3164412167
    Crossref OpenAlex
  80. Sparrow S. S. (2005). Vineland adaptive behavior scales . Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  81. Statistics Canada. (2007). Microdata user guide. National longitudinal survey of children and youth. https://crdcn.org/datasets/nlscynational‐longitudinal‐survey‐children‐and‐youth
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  82. Laura Tinsley (2011). Age Equivalent . In Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development (pp. 60-61). Springer US.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_76 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4237328690
    Crossref OpenAlex
  83. Gale H. Roid , Jackie L. Sampers (2012). Merrill-Palmer-Revised Scales of Development . PsycTESTS Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Dataset DOI: 10.1037/t06030-000 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4250769984
    OpenAlex
  84. Sara S. Sparrow (2011). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales . In Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 2618-2621). Springer New York.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1602 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4301049852
    OpenAlex
  85. Einat Waizbard-Bartov , Meghan Miller (2023). Does the severity of autism symptoms change over time? A review of the evidence, impacts, and gaps in current knowledge . Clinical Psychology Review, 99, 102230. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102230 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4310136427
    Crossref OpenAlex
  86. Kate Tsiplova , Wendy J. Ungar , Peter Szatmari , Katherine Cost , Eleanor Pullenayegum , Eric Duku et al. (2023). Measuring the association between behavioural services and outcomes in young children with autism spectrum disorder . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 132, 104392. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104392 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4310759838
    Crossref OpenAlex