Student radiographers’ confidence of adapting practice for autistic patients: A qualitative survey on the role of placement experiences

Authors

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare services can be inaccessible to autistic people without adaptions to clinical practice and the care provided. Therefore, understanding how radiographer education develops students' confidence in adapting care for autistic patients is crucial. This study aimed to explore how placement experience impacts student radiographer confidence in adapting care for autistic patients. METHODS: UK final-year student diagnostic and therapeutic radiographers were invited to complete a qualitative online survey. The survey asked for a description of placement experiences; of observing and/or performing the care of autistic patients and how this impacted confidence in caring for autistic patients. The data was thematically analysed. RESULTS: 43 responses (of 44 received) were included, from which 5 themes emerged. Those who felt placement experiences developed confidence described opportunities to apply theory learnt at university (theme 1) or drew attention to the benefit of prior (external) experience with autistic people (theme 3). However, the balance of power with the supervising radiographer (theme 2), witnessing autistic patients in distress (theme 4), and the heterogeneous nature of autism (theme 5) disrupted students' development of confidence. CONCLUSION: Several participants in this study found clinical placement developed confidence with autistic patients through applying knowledge and providing an opportunity for reflexive learning. However, various obstacles hindered this development, such as witnessing distressed patients, limited experiences with autistic patients and difficulty navigating relationships with radiographers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: To improve student radiographers' confidence of providing care for autistic patients, educators should consider methods, e.g., co-produced simulation, to fill potential gaps in their experience. There is also a pressing need for all radiographers to understand their responsibility in educating students and their impact on student wellbeing.

1. Melanie Jasper (2013). Beginning reflective practice . DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library).

   Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W617951621

   Crossref OpenAlex
2. Bandura (1994). 10. 1016/j.radi. 2024. 09. 055_bib1 Self-Efficacy. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 4, 71.

   Type: Other

   Crossref
3. Nikolaos Stogiannos , Sarah Carlier , Jane Harvey‐Lloyd , Andrea Brammer , Barbara Nugent , Karen Cleaver et al. (2022). A systematic review of person-centred adjustments to facilitate magnetic resonance imaging for autistic patients without the use of sedation or anaesthesia . Autism, 26(4), 782-797. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211065542 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200346426

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
4. Sarah Davies , Liz Coldridge (2015). ‘No Man׳s Land’: An exploration of the traumatic experiences of student midwives in practice . Midwifery, 31(9), 858-864. Elsevier BV.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2015.05.001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1486873739

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
5. Albert Bandura (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. American Psychological Association (APA).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4292808503

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
6. Sunita Panda , Manjubala Dash , Jomi John , Kalyani Rath , Anuradha Debata , Dharitri Swain et al. (2021). Challenges faced by student nurses and midwives in clinical learning environment – A systematic review and meta-synthesis . Nurse Education Today, 101, 104875. Elsevier BV.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104875 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3136084670

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
7. Laurie Bickhoff , Peter M. Sinclair , Tracy Levett-Jones (2017). Moral courage in undergraduate nursing students: A literature review . Collegian, 24(1), 71-83. Elsevier BV.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.colegn.2015.08.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1862609656

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
8. Karen M. Lundberg (2008). Promoting Self-confidence in Clinical Nursing Students . Nurse Educator, 33(2), 86-89. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/01.nne.0000299512.78270.d0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2003977709

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
9. J. Galvin , E. Suominen , C. Morgan , E.‐J. O'Connell , A. P. Smith (2015). Mental health nursing students' experiences of stress during training: a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews . Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22(10), 773-783. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12273 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2123297646

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
10. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology . Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1979290264

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
11. Robert Higgins , Peter Hogg , Leslie Robinson (2017). Research Informed Teaching Experience in Diagnostic Radiography: The Perspectives of Academic Tutors and Clinical Placement Educators . Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, 48(3), 226-232. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2017.06.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2734834959

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
12. Elizabeth Pellicano , Jacquiline den Houting *Autistic author. Learn more… (2022). Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(4), 381-396. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13534 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3208557763

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
13. Joanne Porter , Julia Morphet , Karen Missen , Anita Raymond (2013). Preparation for high-acuity clinical placement: confidence levels of final-year nursing students . Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 4, 83. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.2147/amep.s42157 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1995319117

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
14. Champion N. Nyoni , Lizemari Hugo-Van Dyk , Yvonne Botma (2021). Clinical placement models for undergraduate health professions students: a scoping review . BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 598. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-03023-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4225718732

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
15. Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Lauren E. Sherman , Ted Hutman (2013). Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59-71. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0028353 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2124715426

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
16. Christopher Johns (1995). Framing learning through reflection within Carper's fundamental ways of knowing in nursing . Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22(2), 226-234. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1995.22020226.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2003724425

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
17. Kirsten Jack , Claire Hamshire , Alison Chambers (2017). The influence of role models in undergraduate nurse education . Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(23-24), 4707-4715. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13822 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2603466363

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
18. Lise-Lott Lundvall , Nils Dahlström , Madeleine Abrandt Dahlgren (2021). Radiography Students’ Learning During Clinical Placements: Developing Professional Knowing in Practice . Vocations and Learning, 14(3), 439-457. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12186-021-09269-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3157120635

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
19. Anna Urbanowicz , Timothy Parkin , Kate van Dooren , Sonya Girdler , Marina Ciccarelli , Nicholas Lennox (2020). The experiences, views, and needs of health professionals who provide care to adults on the autism spectrum . Research and Practice in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 7(2), 179-192. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/23297018.2020.1735943 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3016395777

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
20. Hege Sjølie , Bengt Karlsson , Per-Einar Binder (2013). Professionals’ Experiences of the Relations between Personal History and Professional Role . Nursing Research and Practice, 2013, 1-12. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1155/2013/265247 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2026088223

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
21. David Kolb (1983). Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development .

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2170644967

    Crossref OpenAlex
22. Emma Hyde (2015). A critical evaluation of student radiographers' experience of the transition from the classroom to their first clinical placement . Radiography, 21(3), 242-247. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2014.12.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2088648900

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
23. Gary Rolfe , Melanie Jasper , Dawn Freshwater (2010). Critical reflection in practice: generating knowledge for care . UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA).

    Type: Other OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2737679745

    Crossref OpenAlex
24. Nikolaos Stogiannos , Jane Harvey‐Lloyd , Barbara Nugent , Andrea Brammer , S. Carlier , Karen Cleaver et al. (2022). Autism-friendly MRI: Improving radiography practice in the UK, a survey of radiographer practitioners . Radiography, 28(1), 133-141. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2021.09.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3199213238

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
25. Catherine E Houghton , Dympna Casey , David Shaw , Kathy Murphy (2013). Students’ experiences of implementing clinical skills in the real world of practice . Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(13-14), 1961-1969. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jocn.12014 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2099898448

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
26. Richard M. Ryan , Edward L. Deci (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4242883546

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
27. Ashley Blanchard , Stanford Chihuri , Carolyn G. DiGuiseppi , Guohua Li (2021). Risk of Self-harm in Children and Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder . JAMA Network Open, 4(10), e2130272. American Medical Association (AMA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30272 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3207044150

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
28. Deci (1975). Intrinsic motivation .

    Type: Other

    Crossref
29. Jane Harvey‐Lloyd , A. Clements , N. Sims , A.E. Harvey-Lloyd (2024). Exploring the experiences of parents of Autistic children when attending the diagnostic imaging department for an X-ray examination . Radiography, 30(1), 28-36. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.09.014 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4387865942

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
30. Dewey (1938). Experience and education .

    Type: Other

    Crossref
31. J.A. Mawson , P.K. Miller , L. Booth (2022). Stress, a reflective self and an internal locus of control: On the everyday clinical placement experiences of older undergraduate radiographers in the UK . Radiography, 28(1), 55-60. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2021.07.019 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3188721357

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
32. Tatja Hirvikoski , Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz , Marcus Boman , Henrik Larsson , Paul Lichtenstein , Sven Bölte (2016). Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 232-238. Royal College of Psychiatrists.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160192 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2168424072

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
33. Ella Graj , Jade Sheen , Amanda Dudley , Wendy Sutherland-Smith (2019). Adverse health events associated with clinical placement: A systematic review . Nurse Education Today, 76, 178-190. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.01.024 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2914689336

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
34. R. Girn , A. Punch , Y.A. Jimenez (2022). Diagnostic radiography students’ perceptions of working in the clinical environment: A focus on emotional challenges . Radiography, 28(2), 492-498. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2021.11.001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3214907229

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
35. Alison Jayne Doherty , Helen Atherton , Paul Boland , Richard P. Hastings , Lucy Hives , Kerry Hood et al. (2020). Barriers and facilitators to primary health care for people with intellectual disabilities and/or autism: an integrative review . BJGP Open, 4(3), bjgpopen20X101030. Royal College of General Practitioners.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen20x101030 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2989625113

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
36. Anne Brunstad , Tove Giske , Esther Hjälmhult (2016). How midwifery students experience learning conditions in labor wards . Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 6(4). Association for Health Sciences and Education.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.5430/jnep.v6n4p136 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2292905734

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
37. Arthur Katuna , John Dewey , Franz Schneider , Watson Dickerman , A. Stephen Stephan , Herbert Sorenson et al. (1938). Experience and Education. American Sociological Review, 3(6), 917. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2084758 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2333928723

    OpenAlex
38. M. McPake (2021). How do the attitudes of therapeutic radiographers affect students’ learning during practice placement? Radiography, 27(1), 37-42. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2020.05.009 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3037523450

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
39. Alanna Webster , Caitlin Bowron , Nancy Matthew-Maich , Priscilla Patterson (2016). The effect of nursing staff on student learning in the clinical setting . Nursing Standard, 30(40), 40-47. RCN Publishing Ltd..

    Type: Article DOI: 10.7748/ns.30.40.40.s44 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2418750211

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
40. Maria Weurlander , Annalena Lönn , Astrid Seeberger , Eva Broberger , Håkan Hult , Annika Wernerson (2018). How do medical and nursing students experience emotional challenges during clinical placements? International Journal of Medical Education, 9, 74-82. International Journal of Medical Education.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.5116/ijme.5a88.1f80 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2794455081

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
41. M.A. Abdelrahman , M.A. Alhebsi , S.I. Almulla , E.A. Rahimi , H. Badouh , A. Almehairbi et al. (2024). Exploration of radiographers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices in delivering healthcare to children with autism spectrum disorder . Radiography, 30(1), 116-122. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.10.017 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4388171259

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
42. J. Oates , N. Drey , Julia Jones (2017). ‘Your experiences were your tools’. How personal experience of mental health problems informs mental health nursing practice . Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 24(7), 471-479. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12376 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2588679210

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
43. Tonya Jing Ting Heng , Shefaly Shorey (2023). Experiences of moral distress in nursing students – A qualitative systematic review . Nurse Education Today, 129, 105912. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105912 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4384564448

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
44. Moriya Suliman , Sigalit Warshawski (2022). Nursing students' satisfaction with clinical placements: The contribution of role modeling, epistemic authority, and resilience-a cross- sectional study . Nurse Education Today, 115, 105404. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105404 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4280596048

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
45. Karen Harrison-White , John Owens (2018). Nurse link lecturers' perceptions of the challenges facing student nurses in clinical learning environments: A qualitative study . Nurse Education in Practice, 32, 78-83. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2018.07.012 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2883488057

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
46. Karin Skoglund , Inger K. Holmström , Annelie J. Sundler , Lena Marmstål Hammar (2018). Previous work experience and age do not affect final semester nursing student self-efficacy in communication skills . Nurse Education Today, 68, 182-187. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2018.05.017 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2804762595

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
47. Kirsten Jack , Claire Hamshire , W. Edwin Harris , Mark Langan , Neil Barrett , Christopher Wibberley (2018). “My mentor didn't speak to me for the first four weeks”: Perceived Unfairness experienced by nursing students in clinical practice settings . Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(5-6), 929-938. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14015 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2749660942

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
48. Rachel E. Blaine , Kevin P. Blaine , Katie Cheng , Cynthia Banuelos , Aaron Leal (2023). Priorities, barriers, and facilitators for nutrition-related care for autistic children: a qualitative study comparing interdisciplinary health professional and parent perspectives . Frontiers in Pediatrics, 11, 1198177-1198177. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1198177 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4385858245

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
49. Laura Crane , Fern Adams *Autistic author. Learn more… , Georgia Harper *Autistic author. Learn more… , Jack Welch , Elizabeth Pellicano (2019). ‘Something needs to change’: Mental health experiences of young autistic adults in England . Autism, 23(2), 477-493. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318757048 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2787370458

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
50. R. Young , M.F. McEntee , D. Bennett (2023). Radiographers' perspectives on clinical supervision of students in Ireland . Radiography, 29(2), 291-300. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2022.12.009 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4315752258

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
51. Lena Bäck , Annika Karlström (2020). Developing confidence during midwifery training: The experience of Swedish final year students . Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 25, 100535. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2020.100535 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3029703760

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
52. Allison B. Ratto , Julia Bascom *Autistic author. Learn more… , Sharon daVanport *Autistic author. Learn more… , John F. Strang , Laura G. Anthony , Alyssa Verbalis et al. (2023). Centering the Inner Experience of Autism: Development of the Self-Assessment of Autistic Traits . Autism in Adulthood, 5(1), 93-105. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0099 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4308024241

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
53. Nikolaos Stogiannos , Georgia Pavlopoulou , Chris Papadopoulos , Gemma Walsh , B. Potts *Autistic author. Learn more… , Sarah Moqbel et al. (2023). Strategies to improve the magnetic resonance imaging experience for autistic individuals: a cross-sectional study exploring parents and carers’ experiences . BMC Health Services Research, 23(1), 1375. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-10333-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4389429293

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
54. Leann Smith DaWalt , Jinkuk Hong , Jan S Greenberg , Marsha R Mailick (2019). Mortality in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Predictors over a 20-year period . Autism, 23(7), 1732-1739. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319827412 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2919551617

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
55. Tracey Moroney , Marie Gerdtz , Naomi Brockenshire , Phil Maude , Jennifer Weller-Newton , Deborah Hatcher et al. (2022). Exploring the contribution of clinical placement to student learning: A sequential mixed methods study . Nurse Education Today, 113, 105379. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105379 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4224213995

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
56. Lynette Cusack , Karleen Thornton , Phoebe G. Drioli-Phillips , Tina Cockburn , Lisa Jones , Michelle Whitehead et al. (2020). Are nurses recognised, prepared and supported to teach nursing students: Mixed methods study . Nurse Education Today, 90, 104434. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104434 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3015636163

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
57. Annelie J. Sundler , Elisabeth Lindberg , Christina Nilsson , Lina Palmér (2019). Qualitative thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology . Nursing Open, 6(3), 733-739. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/nop2.275 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2940411187

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
58. Masoumeh Rahimi , Fariba Haghani , Shahnaz Kohan , Majid Shirani (2024). A model for improving the learning environment in high-stress and emotion-bound clinical settings . Med Teach, 46(8), 1. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2023.2292977 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4390034800

    Crossref OpenAlex
59. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis . Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589-597. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/2159676x.2019.1628806 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2950504429

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
60. Katherine E Gore *Autistic author. Learn more… , Susan M Hayward , Rebecca L. Flower , Melissa Gilbert , Josephine Barbaro *Autistic author. Learn more… (2024). “Maybe No One Knows We Need Help”: Understanding the Experiences of Autistic Working Mothers in Australia . Autism in Adulthood, 6(1), 47-59. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2022.0089 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4376637938

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
61. Nicola Clarke (2017). The student nurse's guide to successful reflection: ten essential ingredients .

    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2953485208

    Crossref OpenAlex
62. Richard A Sharpe , Whitney Curry , Rachel Brown , Rohit Shankar (2019). A public health approach to reducing health inequalities among adults with autism . British Journal of General Practice, 69(688), 534-535. Royal College of General Practitioners.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3399/bjgp19x706133 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2983088360

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
63. Thomas K. Le , Hursuong Vongsachang , Sharon Pang , George Q. Zhang , Taibo Li , Jason T. C. Lee et al. (2022). US medical student perspectives on Asian American patient inclusion in medical education: a qualitative study . BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 482. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03550-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4283269648

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
64. Anna Melissa Romualdez , Brett Heasman *Autistic author. Learn more… , Zachary Walker , Jade Davies , Anna Remington (2021). “People Might Understand Me Better”: Diagnostic Disclosure Experiences of Autistic Individuals in the Workplace . Autism in Adulthood, 3(2), 157-167. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0063 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3119850603

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
65. Saoirse Mac Cárthaigh , Beatriz López (2020). Factually based autism awareness campaigns may not always be effective in changing attitudes towards autism: Evidence from British and South Korean nursing students . Autism, 24(5), 1177-1190. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319898362 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3001232439

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
66. Matthew de Broize , Kiah Evans , Andrew Whitehouse , John Wray , Valsamma Eapen , Anna Urbanowicz (2022). Exploring the Experience of Seeking an Autism Diagnosis as an Adult . Autism in Adulthood, 4(2), 130-140. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0028 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200092124

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
67. Mary Doherty *Autistic author. Learn more… , Stuart Neilson , Jane O’Sullivan , Laura Carravallah *Autistic author. Learn more… , Mona Johnson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Walter Cullen et al. (2022). Barriers to healthcare and self-reported adverse outcomes for autistic adults: a cross-sectional study . BMJ Open, 12(2), e056904. BMJ.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056904 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4213379370

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
68. Andrea Thompson , Darci Taylor (2020). Finding ways to support radiographers as teachers . Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences, 67(3), 199-207. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/jmrs.399 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3032586063

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
69. Lesley Kimber , Diarmuid Verrier , Stephen Connolly *Autistic author. Learn more… (2024). Autistic People's Experience of Empathy and the Autistic Empathy Deficit Narrative . Autism in Adulthood, 6(3), 321-330. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386597864

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
70. Alice Turnock , Kate Langley , Catherine RG Jones (2022). Understanding stigma in autism: a narrative review and theoretical model . Autism Adulthood, 4(1), 76. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4214570045

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
71. Sarah Carlier , Patrick Vorlet , Cláudia Sá dos Reis , C. Malamateniou (2023). Strategies, challenges and enabling factors when imaging autistic individuals in Swiss medical imaging departments . Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, 54(4), S53-S63. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2022.11.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4310908539

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
72. Clare Cummins , Elizabeth Pellicano , Laura Crane (2020). Autistic adults’ views of their communication skills and needs . International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 55(5), 678-689. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12552 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3038420360

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
73. Louise Chapman , Kieran Rose *Autistic author. Learn more… , Laura Hull , Will Mandy (2022). “I want to fit in… but I don’t want to change myself fundamentally”: A qualitative exploration of the relationship between masking and mental health for autistic teenagers . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 99(102), 102069. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102069 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4309470595

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
74. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke , Elicia Boulton , Louise Davey , Charlotte McEvoy (2021). The online survey as a qualitative research tool . International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 24(6), 641-654. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13645579.2020.1805550 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3051124794

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
75. Dawn Adams , Kate Young (2021). A Systematic Review of the Perceived Barriers and Facilitators to Accessing Psychological Treatment for Mental Health Problems in Individuals on the Autism Spectrum . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 8(4), 436-453. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40489-020-00226-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3094212365

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
76. Chittaranjan Andrade (2020). The Limitations of Online Surveys . Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 42(6), 575-576. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0253717620957496 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3096081831

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
77. Kathy Leadbitter , Karen Leneh Buckle *Autistic author. Learn more… , Ceri Ellis , Martijn Dekker *Autistic author. Learn more… (2021). Autistic Self-Advocacy and the Neurodiversity Movement: Implications for Autism Early Intervention Research and Practice . Frontiers in Psychology, 12(April), 635690. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635690 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3154438532

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
78. Nikolaos Stogiannos , Jane Harvey‐Lloyd , Andrea Brammer , Karen Cleaver , Jonathan P. McNulty , Cláudia Sá dos Reis et al. (2023). Toward Autism-Friendly Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Exploring Autistic Individuals' Experiences of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans in the United Kingdom, a Cross-Sectional Survey . Autism in Adulthood, 5(3), 248-262. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2022.0051 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4313555614

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
79. David Mason *Autistic author. Learn more… , Barry Ingham , Heather Birtles , Cos Michael *Autistic author. Learn more… , Clare Scarlett , Ian A James et al. (2021). How to improve healthcare for autistic people: A qualitative study of the views of autistic people and clinicians . Autism, 25(3), 774-785. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361321993709 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3159192570

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
80. Elizabeth Weir , Carrie T. Allison , Simon Baron-Cohen (2022). Autistic adults have poorer quality healthcare and worse health based on self-report data . Molecular Autism, 13(1), 23. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00501-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281568468

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
81. Kirsten Corden , Rebecca Brewer , Eilidh Cage (2022). A systematic review of healthcare professionals’ knowledge, self-efficacy and attitudes towards working with autistic people . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(3), 386. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40489-021-00263-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3163025874

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
82. Sebastian C.K. Shaw *Autistic author. Learn more… , Laura Carravallah *Autistic author. Learn more… , Mona Johnson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Jane O’Sullivan , Nicholas Chown *Autistic author. Learn more… , Stuart Neilson et al. (2024). Barriers to healthcare and a 'triple empathy problem' may lead to adverse outcomes for autistic adults: a qualitative study . Autism, 28(7), 1746. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231205629 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4387692103

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex
83. Mary Doherty *Autistic author. Learn more… , Sue McCowan *Autistic author. Learn more… , Sebastian C.K. Shaw *Autistic author. Learn more… (2023). Autistic SPACE: a novel framework for meeting the needs of autistic people in healthcare settings . Br. J. Hosp. Med., 84(4), 1. IMR Press.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2023.0006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4366162947

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
84. Andrew Cashin , Amy Pracilio , Thomas Buckley , Julia Morphet , Michelle Kersten , Julian Trollor et al. (2022). A cross‐practice context exploration of nursing preparedness and comfort to care for people with intellectual disability and autism . Journal of Clinical Nursing, 31(19-20), 2971-2980. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16131 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3212383163

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
85. Catherine M. Giroux , Katherine A. Moreau (2022). Nursing students’ use of social media in their learning: a case study of a Canadian School of Nursing . BMC Nursing, 21(1), 195. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s12912-022-00977-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4286433197

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
86. (2023). The oliver McGowan mandatory training on learning disability and autism .

    Type: Other

    Crossref