Reasonable to Whom? Rethinking Informed Consent Disclosures in Light of the Research Related Concerns of the Autistic Community

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Khatiwada, M., Howard, D., Krempley, T., Walton, K., Williams, C., & Graber, A. D. (2026). Reasonable to Whom? Rethinking Informed Consent Disclosures in Light of the Research Related Concerns of the Autistic Community. The American Journal of Bioethics, 26(10), 16-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2026.2632012

Publication date: 2 Mar 2026 Added to AutiHub: 21 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

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Authors

Publication authors
6
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 6 (16.7%)
  1. Manisha Khatiwada
  2. Dana Howard
  3. Tema Krempley *
  1. Katherine Walton
  2. Crystal Williams
  3. Abraham David Graber

Abstract

Information disclosure during the informed consent process presents a dilemma. If too little information is presented, participants are unable to make an informed decision. Exhaustive disclosure is, however, a practical impossibility. In the United States, this dilemma was historically navigated in the research context by requiring that disclosure include enumerated items: the purpose of the research, potential risks, etc. In 2018, federal guidelines were updated to require that disclosure adhere to the reasonable person standard, whereby participants must be given all information that an "average" person would want to know. Drawing on the Autistic community's unique concerns regarding research, we argue that, because of its emphasis on the informational wants of the "average" person, the reasonable person standard systematically fails to meet the informational needs of (many) people from minoritized populations. We argue for an individualized understanding of the reasonable person standard and provide recommendations for research teams.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 08:12.

Cited references
106
With a DOI
73
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
33
13 / 106 (12.3%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
21 / 106 (19.8%)
References with detected author names
85 / 106 (80.2%)
Without detected author names
21
Without a structured title
21
Without a stable identifier
33
References with raw author names still to review
21
References with external metadata lookup issues
1
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
264
From DOI or external metadata
264
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
21
73 / 264 (27.7%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 191 / 264 (72.3%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
18 / 264 (6.8%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 18 / 73 (24.7%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 16 / 252 (6.3%).
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