The relationship between dyslexia, autism, and academic outcomes: longitudinal analysis of population-level education and health data

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Knight, C., Lowthian, E., Jenks, E., Jones, C., Crick, T., & Rees, S. (2025). The relationship between dyslexia, autism, and academic outcomes: longitudinal analysis of population-level education and health data. Oxford Review of Education, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2025.2590464

Publication date: 26 Nov 2025 Added to AutiHub: 17 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
6
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 6 (16.7%)
  1. Cathryn Knight
  2. Emily Lowthian
  3. Emma Jenks *
  1. Carys Jones
  2. Tom Crick
  3. Sarah Rees

Abstract

Dyslexia and autism are neurodevelopmental conditions known to influence educational experiences, yet their distinct impacts on academic outcomes remain underexplored in large-scale population studies. This study utilises longitudinal, population-level administrative data from Wales to examine the relationships between dyslexia and autism identification and educational attainment across all key educational stages in children born between 2002 and 2008 (N = 204,497). Using multilevel modelling, we assess the demographic, health, and socioeconomic predictors of dyslexia and autism identification and their associations with meeting national educational expectations. Our findings indicate that both dyslexia and autism are linked to lower academic attainment, with autism exhibiting a greater negative association. The results highlight disparities in identification based on gender, health service usage, deprivation levels, and birth season, suggesting potential biases in identification and support systems. These findings offer critical insights into current patterns of identification and attainment among neurodivergent learners in Wales and serve a valuable baseline for future research evaluating the impact of ongoing education reforms.

Bibliography cited by this reference

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Cited bibliography overview

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Cited references
81
With a DOI
60
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
21
1 / 81 (1.2%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
11 / 81 (13.6%)
References with detected author names
70 / 81 (86.4%)
Without detected author names
11
Without a structured title
11
Without a stable identifier
21
References with raw author names still to review
11
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
253
From DOI or external metadata
253
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
13
60 / 253 (23.7%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 193 / 253 (76.3%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
1 / 253 (0.4%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 1 / 60 (1.7%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 238 (0.4%).
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