Shining a Light on a Hidden Population: Social Functioning and Mental Health in Women Reporting Autistic Traits But Lacking Diagnosis

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Belcher, H., Morein-Zamir, S., Stagg, S. D., & Ford, R. M. (2022). Shining a Light on a Hidden Population: Social Functioning and Mental Health in Women Reporting Autistic Traits But Lacking Diagnosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(8), 3118-3132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05583-2

Publication date: 20 May 2022 Added to AutiHub: 8 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

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Authors

Publication authors
4
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 4 (25.0%)
  1. Hannah Belcher *
  2. Sharon Morein-Zamir
  3. Steven D. Stagg
  4. Ruth M. Ford

Abstract

Abstract Female Phenotype Theory (FPT) suggests that autistic women often present with less obvious social impairments than autistic men. We examined the possibility of an exaggerated female phenotype among undiagnosed but probably autistic women. In two nationwide online surveys, we compared self-reported social functioning and mental health between diagnosed autistic women and women without diagnosis who scored ≥ 32 on the Autism Quotient. Compared to diagnosed autistic women, probably autistic women had higher empathy and general social functioning, and were more likely to have received a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder. Autistic women had typically received more mental health diagnoses prior to their ASC diagnosis than autistic men. These findings shed light on the history of misdiagnosis experienced by many autistic women.

Bibliography cited by this reference

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 12 Sep 2026 18:19.

Cited references
88
With a DOI
82
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
5
4 / 88 (4.5%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
5 / 88 (5.7%)
References with detected author names
86 / 88 (97.7%)
Without detected author names
2
Without a structured title
5
Without a stable identifier
5
References with raw author names still to review
2
References with external metadata lookup issues
1
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
399
From DOI or external metadata
399
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
2
146 / 399 (36.6%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 253 / 399 (63.4%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
4 / 399 (1.0%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 4 / 146 (2.7%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 3 / 309 (1.0%).
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