A Multistate Trial of an Early Surveillance Program for Autism Within General Practices in Australia

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Barbaro, J., Masi, A., Gilbert, M., Nair, R., Abdullahi, I., Descallar, J., Dissanayake, C., Eastwood, J., Hasan, I., Jalaludin, B., Karlov, L., Khan, F., Kohlhoff, J., Liaw, S. T., Lingam, R., Mendoza Diaz, A., Ong, N., Tam, C. W. M., Unwin, K.,..., & Eapen, V. (2021). A Multistate Trial of an Early Surveillance Program for Autism Within General Practices in Australia. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 9, 640359-640359. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.640359

Publication date: 23 Apr 2021 Added to AutiHub: 7 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
21
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 21 (4.8%)
  1. Josephine Barbaro *
  2. Anne Masi
  3. Melissa Gilbert
  4. Radhika Nair
  5. Ifrah Abdullahi
  6. Joseph Descallar
  7. Cheryl Dissanayake
  1. John Eastwood
  2. Iqbal Hasan
  3. Bin Jalaludin
  4. Lisa Karlov
  5. Feroza Khan
  6. Jane Kohlhoff
  7. S. T. Liaw
  1. Raghu Lingam
  2. Antonio Mendoza Diaz
  3. Natalie Ong
  4. Chun Wah Michael Tam
  5. Katy Unwin
  6. Sue Woolfenden
  7. Valsamma Eapen

Abstract

Background: The early detection of developmental conditions such as autism is vital to ensure children can access appropriate and timely evidence-based supports, services, and interventions. Children who have undetected developmental conditions early in life are more likely to develop later health, developmental, learning, and behavioral issues, which in turn can have a cumulative effect over the life course. Methods: The current protocol describes a multi-site, cluster randomized control trial comparing a developmental surveillance pathway for autism to usual care, using opportunistic visits to general practitioners (GPs). Units of randomization are GP clinics across two Australian states (New South Wales and Victoria), with thirty clinics within each state, each of which will aim to recruit approximately forty children aged between ~18- and 24-months, for a total of ~2,400 participants. Children will be randomized to two clusters; namely, an autism surveillance pathway (ASP) or surveillance as usual (SaU). The screening process for the ASP arm involves primary and secondary screenings for developmental concerns for autism, using both parent and GP reports and observations. Children in both arms who show signs of developmental concerns for autism will be offered a full developmental assessment by the research team at 24 months of age to determine the efficacy of developmental surveillance in successfully identifying children with autism. Trial Registration: The trial is registered with ANZCTR (ACTRN12619001200178) and reporting of the trial results will be according to recommendations in the CONSORT Statement.

Bibliography cited by this reference

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 12 Sep 2026 17:55.

Cited references
83
With a DOI
55
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
26
7 / 83 (8.4%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
13 / 83 (15.7%)
References with detected author names
71 / 83 (85.5%)
Without detected author names
12
Without a structured title
8
Without a stable identifier
24
References with raw author names still to review
1
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
494
From DOI or external metadata
494
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
1
134 / 494 (27.1%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 360 / 494 (72.9%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
7 / 494 (1.4%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 7 / 134 (5.2%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 353 (0.3%).
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