Perspectivisme scientifique et diagnostics psychiatriques : respecter l’histoire et contraindre le relativisme

Titre original en anglais : Scientific Perspectivism and psychiatric diagnoses: respecting history and constraining relativism

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Fellowes, S. (2020). Scientific Perspectivism and psychiatric diagnoses: respecting history and constraining relativism. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13194-020-00320-x

Publication date: 27/10/2020 Ajout dans AutiHub: 14/09/2026 Type: Article Langue de l’article: Anglais
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  1. Sam Fellowes *

Résumé

Résumé Les historiens et sociologues de la psychiatrie affirment souvent que les diagnostics psychiatriques sont discontinus. C’est-à-dire qu’un diagnostic particulier sera décrit d’une manière à une époque et décrit très différemment à une autre époque. Les historiens et sociologues tirent souvent des conséquences épistémiques de telles discontinuités, affirmant que la vérité est pluraliste, provisoire et historicisée. Ces arguments ne s’accordent pas facilement avec la manière dont les philosophes analytiques des sciences abordent le réalisme scientifique. Je montre comment la méta-induction pessimiste ne saisit pas le point que les historiens et sociologues avancent, mais que le perspectivisme scientifique semble bien mieux saisir leur propos. Je souligne ensuite les innovations conceptuelles qu’ajoutent les perspectivistes scientifiques. Ils démarquent la vérité et la réalité objective, ils précisent le type de vérité qu’ils soutiennent et ils imposent des contraintes aux vérités possibles. Cela bloque un relativisme du tout est permis dans lequel les historiens et sociologues risquent de tomber. Je mets mon argument en évidence en discutant d’un épisode discontinu dans l’histoire de l’autisme. Je discute trois aspects de cette discontinuité et montre comment le perspectivisme scientifique peut présenter chaque aspect comme vrai de manière non triviale. Mon argument montre que nous pouvons être des réalistes scientifiques à propos de l’autisme, même si nous pouvons formuler les notions d’autisme de façons assez différentes.

Abstract Historians and sociologists of psychiatry often claim that psychiatric diagnoses are discontinuous. That is, a particular diagnoses will be described in one way in one era and described quite differently in a different era. Historians and sociologists often draw epistemic consequences from such discontinuities, claiming that truth is pluralistic, provisional and historicised. These arguments do not readily fit in with how analytical philosophers of science approach scientific realism. I show how the pessimistic meta induction does not capture the point which historians and sociologists are making but scientific perspectivism seems to capture their point much better. I then highlight conceptual innovations which scientific perspectivists add. They demarcate between truth and objective reality, they specify which type of truth they endorse and they put down constraints on possible truths. This blocks an anything goes relativism which historians and sociologists can be in danger of falling into. I highlight my argument by discussing a discontinuous episode in the history of autism. I discuss three aspects of this discontinuity and show how scientific perspectivism can portray each aspect as non-trivially true. My argument shows that we can be scientific realists about autism even if we can formulate notions of autism in quite different ways.

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Références citées
122
Avec un DOI
86
Sans DOI, à partir du texte brut de la bibliographie
29
6 / 122 (4,9 %) références citées comprennent au moins une personne identifiée comme autiste.
Références avec données à compléter
23 / 122 (18,9 %)
Références avec noms d’auteurices détectés
105 / 122 (86,1 %)
Sans nom d’auteurice détecté
17
Sans titre structuré
20
Sans identifiant stable
28
Références avec noms bruts d’auteurices restant à vérifier
14
Références avec problème de récupération des métadonnées externes
1
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Noms d’auteurices détectés dans la bibliographie citée
197
À partir du DOI ou de métadonnées externes
197
À partir du texte brut validé de la bibliographie
0
Noms bruts déjà validés
0
Noms bruts restant à vérifier
17
39 / 197 (19,8 %) noms sont associés à un·e auteurice déjà présent·e dans AutiHub. 158 / 197 (80,2 %) noms ne sont pas encore associés.
Noms associés à une personne identifiée comme autiste
9 / 197 (4,6 %)
Calculé sur l’ensemble des noms d’auteurices détectés dans la bibliographie citée. Parmi les noms associés à un·e auteurice déjà présent·e dans AutiHub : 9 / 39 (23,1 %). Personnes distinctes identifiées comme autistes : 5 / 175 (2,9 %).
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