Charge symptomatique longitudinale et prise en charge pharmacologique de la catatonie dans l'autisme avec et sans atteinte profonde : une etude observationnelle

Titre original en anglais : Longitudinal Symptom Burden and Pharmacologic Management of Catatonia in Autism with and without Profound Impairment: An Observational Study

Sources de métadonnées utilisées pour cette référence

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
En savoir plus sur les sources utilisées

Smith, J. R., Lim, S., Bindra, S., Marler, S., Rajah, B., Williams, Z. J., Baldwin, I., Hossain, N., Wilson, J. E., Fuchs, D. C., & Luccarelli, J. (2024). Longitudinal Symptom Burden and Pharmacologic Management of Catatonia in Autism with and without Profound Impairment: An Observational Study [Preprint]. openRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.05.24312724

Date de publication: 06/09/2024 Ajout dans AutiHub: 07/07/2026 Type: Prépublication Langue de l’article: Anglais
Source OpenAlex Source éditeur (DOI) Texte intégral

Cette publication est intégrée dans AutiHub via :

Auteurs

Auteur·ices des publications
11
Auteur·ices de la publication identifié·es comme autistes
1 / 11 (9,1 %)
  1. Joshua R. Smith
  2. Seri Lim
  3. Snehal Bindra
  4. Sarah Marler
  1. Bavani Rajah
  2. Zachary J. Williams *
  3. Isaac Baldwin
  4. Nausheen Hossain
  1. Jo Ellen Wilson
  2. D. Catherine Fuchs
  3. James Luccarelli

Résumé

Resume Introduction La catatonie est un trouble psychomoteur et affectif hautement morbide qui peut toucher des personnes autistes avec et sans atteinte profonde. Les symptomes catatoniques sont traitables par pharmacotherapie et electroconvulsivotherapie, mais l'efficacite longitudinale de ces traitements n'a pas ete decrite. Methodes Nous avons mene une etude de cohorte observationnelle prospective de patients atteints d'autisme et de catatonie comorbide ayant recu des soins ambulatoires dans une clinique ambulatoire specialisee du 1er juillet 2021 au 31 mai 2024. Des donnees examinant les interventions pharmacologiques et des mesures cliniques, notamment la Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS), la Kanner Catatonia Severity Scale (KCS), la Kanner Catatonia Examination (KCE) et la Clinical Global Impression – Improvement (CGI-I), ont ete recueillies. Resultats Quarante-cinq patients ont ete identifies, dont 39 (86,7 %) remplissaient les criteres d'autisme profond. Tous les patients ont recu une pharmacotherapie. Quarante-quatre (97,8 %) ont ete traites par benzodiazepines, avec une dose quotidienne maximale moyenne de 17,4 mg (ET = 15,8) en equivalents lorazepam. Trente-cinq patients (77,8 %) ont necessite plus d'une classe de medicaments pour le traitement. Quatorze patients (31,1 %) ont tente de reduire progressivement les benzodiazepines au cours de la periode d'etude ; parmi eux, 5 patients (11,1 %) ont reussi a les arreter progressivement, et les 9 restants (17,8 %) ont interrompu la reduction en raison du retour des symptomes catatoniques. Une amelioration statistiquement significative a ete observee dans tous les domaines cliniques, a l'exception de la KCS. Cependant, la majorite est restee symptomatique au cours de la periode d'etude. Conclusions Malgre des ameliorations cliniques pendant la reception du traitement de reference pour la prise en charge psychopharmacologique de la catatonie, des symptomes chroniques ont persiste chez la majorite des patients atteints de catatonie au cours de la periode d'etude, et peu ont pu reduire progressivement puis arreter le traitement par benzodiazepines. Resume en langage courant La catatonie est une affection qui peut avoir un impact important sur la qualite de vie des personnes autistes avec et sans atteinte profonde. Les symptomes de catatonie tels que l'agressivite et l'autoagression peuvent s'ameliorer avec le traitement. Cependant, au cours de la periode de trois ans de cette etude, la plupart des patients ont presente des symptomes residuels, et peu ont pu arreter les medicaments psychotropes.

Abstract Introduction Catatonia is a highly morbid psychomotor and affective disorder which can affect autistic individuals with and without profound impairment. Catatonic symptoms are treatable with pharmacotherapy and electroconvulsive therapy, but the longitudinal effectiveness of these treatments has not been described. Methods We conducted a prospective observational cohort study of patients with autism and co-morbid catatonia who received outpatient care in a specialized outpatient clinic from July 1 st, 2021 to May 31 st, 2024. Data investigating pharmacologic interventions, and clinical measures including the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS), Kanner Catatonia Severity Scale (KCS), Kanner Catatonia Examination (KCE), and Clinical Global Impression – Improvement (CGI-I) were collected. Results Forty-five patients were identified with 39 (86.7%) meeting criteria for profound autism. All patients received pharmacotherapy. 44 (97.8%) were treated with benzodiazepines with a mean maximal daily dose of 17.4 mg (SD=15.8) lorazepam equivalents. Thirty-five patients (77.8%) required more than one medication class for treatment. Fourteen patients (31.1%) attempted to taper off benzodiazepines during the study period; of these, 5 patients (11.1%) were successfully tapered off, and the remaining 9 (17.8%) discontinued the taper due to a return of catatonic symptoms. Statistically significant improvement was observed across all clinical domains except the KCS. However, the majority remained symptomatic over the study period. Conclusions Despite clinical improvements while receiving the gold standard for psychopharmacologic management of catatonia, chronic symptoms remained for the majority of catatonia patients over the study period, and few were able to taper and discontinue benzodiazepine treatment. Lay Summary Catatonia is a condition which can significantly impact the quality of life for autistic individuals with and without profound impairment. Symptoms of catatonia such as aggression and self-injury can improve with treatment. However, over the three-year period of this study, most patients experienced residual symptoms, and few could discontinue psychotropic medication.

Publications liées

Ces liens indiquent les prépublications, protocoles, versions publiées ou notices liées identifiés dans AutiHub.

Version publiée

Confirmé Niveau de fiabilité: Moyen Manuel

Bibliographie citée par cette référence

Les références citées sont importées depuis des sources externes de métadonnées lorsqu’elles sont disponibles. La liste peut être partielle.

Vue d’ensemble de l’inclusion dans la bibliographie

Ces indicateurs décrivent la bibliographie citée importée pour cette publication. Les métriques de références citées utilisent le total des références citées comme dénominateur. Les métriques d’auteurices cité·es indiquent si elles utilisent toutes les occurrences d’auteurices cité·es ou seulement les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices déjà intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub. Ils utilisent les rattachements mis en cache entre les auteurices cité·es et les auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub. Dernier calcul : 16/08/2026 11:31.

Références citées
73
Nombre total de références citées intégrées pour cette publication.
Références citées avec un·e auteur·ice identifié·e comme autiste
2 / 73 (2,7 %)
Occurrences d’auteur·ices cité·es identifié·es comme autistes
2 / 396 (0,5 %)
Parmi les occurrences rattachées à des auteurices intégré·es à la base de données AutiHub : 2 / 66 (3,0 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es identifié·es comme autistes : 2 / 329 (0,6 %).
Occurrences citées rattachées à la base AutiHub
66 / 396 (16,7 %)
Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es : 32 / 329 (9,7 %)
Occurrences rattachées, non identifiées comme autistes
64 / 66 (97,0 %)
Parmi les seules occurrences rattachées. Sur l’ensemble des occurrences d’auteurices cité·es : 64 / 396 (16,2 %). Auteurices cité·es distinct·es rattaché·es, non identifié·es comme autistes : 30 / 32 (93,8 %).
  1. Lorna Wing , Amitta Shah (2006). A Systematic Examination of Catatonia‐like Clinical Pictures in Autism Spectrum Disorders . International Review of Neurobiology, 72, 21-39. Elsevier.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)72002-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1495660835
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Livre DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281687410
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Tamar Nijsten , Phyllis Spuls , Robert S. Stern (2008). STROBE . Archives of Dermatology, 144(9), 1200-4. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/archderm.144.9.1200 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2003984400
    OpenCitations
  4. Masataka Ohta , Yukiko Kano , Yoko Nagai (2006). Catatonia in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: A Long‐term Prospective Study . International Review of Neurobiology, 72, 41-54. Elsevier.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)72003-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1511543326
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Catherine Lord , Tony Charman , Alexandra Havdahl , Paul Carbone , Evdokia Anagnostou , Brian Boyd et al. (2022). The Lancet Commission on the future of care and clinical research in autism . The Lancet, 399(10321), 271-334. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01541-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200099564
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Joshua R. Smith , Isaac Baldwin , Katherine Audrey Termini , Trey McGonigle , Simon Vandekar , James Luccarelli (2024). Use of ECT for Children With and Without Catatonia . The Journal of ECT, 40(3), 154-161. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000993 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4391174548
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Max Fink , Michael Alan Taylor (2003). Catatonia . Cambridge University Press.
    Type: Livre DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511543777 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1532540631
    OpenAlex
  9. Tatja Hirvikoski , Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz , Marcus Boman , Henrik Larsson , Paul Lichtenstein , Sven Bölte (2016). Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 232-238. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160192 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2168424072
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Brendan T Carroll , Rob Kirkhart , Niraj Ahuja , Ilo Soovere , Edward C Lauterbach , Dirk Dhossche et al. (2008). Katatonia: a new conceptual understanding of catatonia and a new rating scale. PubMed, 5(12), 42-50.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1565810398
    OpenAlex
  11. Kyle Sterrett , Elaine Clarke , Jane Nofer , Joseph Piven , Catherine Lord (2024). Toward a functional classification for autism in adulthood . Autism Research, 17(10), 2105-2119. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.3201 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4400829953
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Joan Busner , Steven D Targum (2007). The clinical global impressions scale: applying a research tool in clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 4(7), 28.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1742833546
    OpenAlex
  13. Lynn Kern Koegel , Katherine M. Bryan , Pumpki L. Su , Mohini Vaidya , Stephen Camarata (2020). Definitions of Nonverbal and Minimally Verbal in Research for Autism: A Systematic Review of the Literature . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(8), 2957-2972. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04402-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3006196873
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Jennifer Connell , Mark Oldham , Pratik Pandharipande , Robert S Dittus , Amanda Wilson , Matthew Mart et al. (2023). Malignant Catatonia: A Review for the Intensivist . Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 38(2), 137-150. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/08850666221114303 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4286111624
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Douglas Bates , Martin Mächler , Ben Bolker , Steve Walker (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4 . Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1). Foundation for Open Access Statistic.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1951724000
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Michelle M. Hughes , Kelly A. Shaw , Monica DiRienzo , Maureen S. Durkin , Amy Esler , Jennifer Hall-Lande et al. (2023). The Prevalence and Characteristics of Children With Profound Autism, 15 Sites, United States, 2000-2016 . Public Health Reports®, 138(6), 971-980. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/00333549231163551 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4366352830
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Joshua R. Smith , Isaac Baldwin , Tasia York , Carina Anderson , Trey McGonigle , Simon Vandekar et al. (2023). Alternative psychopharmacologic treatments for pediatric catatonia: a retrospective analysis . Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/frcha.2023.1208926 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4381433696
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Charles E Griffin , Adam M Kaye , Franklin Rivera Bueno , Alan D Kaye (2013). Benzodiazepine pharmacology and central nervous system-mediated effects. Ochsner J, 13(2), 214.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1957176172
    Crossref OpenAlex
  19. Rory Sheehan , Jennifer Mutch , Louise Marston , David Osborn , Angela Hassiotis (2021). Risk factors for in-patient admission among adults with intellectual disability and autism: investigation of electronic clinical records . BJPsych Open, 7(1), e5-e5. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.135 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3110235063
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Joshua R. Smith , Tasia York , Samuel Warn , Darara Borodge , Donald L. Pierce , D. Catherine Fuchs (2023). Another Option for Aggression and Self-Injury, Alternative Benzodiazepines for Catatonia in Profound Autism . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 33(3), 109-117. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/cap.2022.0067 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4362677929
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Donald C. Rojas (2014). The role of glutamate and its receptors in autism and the use of glutamate receptor antagonists in treatment . Journal of Neural Transmission, 121(8), 891-905. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1216-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1998594238
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. for the Autism and Developmental Disorders Inpatient Research Collaborative (ADDIRC) , Matthew Siegel , Carla A. Mazefsky , Carla A. Mazefsky , Robin L. Gabriels , Craig Erickson et al. (2015). The autism inpatient collection: methods and preliminary sample description . Molecular Autism, 6(1), 61-61. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0054-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2180765693
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Marie-Anna Bernard Paulais , Camilla Mazetto , Eric Thiébaut , Maria Clara Nassif , Maria Thereza Costa Coelho De Souza , Ana Paula Stefani et al. (2019). Heterogeneities in Cognitive and Socio-Emotional Development in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Severe Intellectual Disability as a Comorbidity . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 508-508. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00508 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2963509508
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. G. Bush , M. Fink , G. Petrides , F. Dowling , A. Francis (1996). Catatonia. I. Rating scale and standardized examination . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93(2), 129-136. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09814.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2064531284
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Emily F. Ferguson , Miya L. Barnett , Jon W. Goodwin , Ty Vernon (2025). “There is No Help:” Caregiver Perspectives on Service Needs for Adolescents and Adults with Profound Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 55(10), 3460-3477. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06451-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4400330208
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Joshua R. Smith , Maura DiSalvo , Allison Green , Tolga Atilla Ceranoglu , Sheeba Arnold Anteraper , Paul Croarkin et al. (2023). Treatment Response of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Intellectually Capable Youth and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Neuropsychology Review, 33(4), 834-855. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09564-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4297217131
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Jo Ellen Wilson , Kathy Niu , Stephen E. Nicolson , Stephen Z. Levine , Stephan Heckers (2015). The diagnostic criteria and structure of catatonia . Schizophrenia Research, 164(1-3), 256-262. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.036 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2075645223
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. J. Vaquerizo-Serrano , G. Salazar De Pablo , J. Singh , P. Santosh (2022). Catatonia in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis . European Psychiatry, 65(1), e4-e4. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2259 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200172356
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. D. M. Dhossche , C. A. Ross , L. Stoppelbein (2012). The role of deprivation, abuse, and trauma in pediatric catatonia without a clear medical cause . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(1), 25-32. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01779.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2100055705
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Dusan Hirjak , Jonathan P. Rogers , Robert Christian Wolf , Katharina Maria Kubera , Stefan Fritze , Jo Ellen Wilson et al. (2024). Catatonia . Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 10(1), 49-49. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00534-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4400786596
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Françoise Cornic , Angèle Consoli , Marie-Laure Tanguy , Olivier Bonnot , Didier Périsse , Sylvie Tordjman et al. (2009). Association of adolescent catatonia with increased mortality and morbidity: Evidence from a prospective follow-up study . Schizophrenia Research, 113(2-3), 233-240. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.021 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2142050212
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Jonathan P Rogers , Mark A Oldham , Gregory Fricchione , Georg Northoff , Jo Ellen Wilson , Stephan C Mann et al. (2023). Evidence-based consensus guidelines for the management of catatonia: Recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology . Journal of Psychopharmacology, 37(4), 327-369. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/02698811231158232 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4364354368
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Lorna Wing , Amitta Shah (2000). Catatonia in autistic spectrum disorders . British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 357-362. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjp.176.4.357 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2155207255
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Joshua R. Smith , Tasia York , Isaac Baldwin , Catherine Fuchs , Gregory Fricchione , James Luccarelli (2024). Diagnostic features of paediatric catatonia: multisite retrospective cohort study . BJPsych Open, 10(3), e96-e96. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2024.61 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4396519093
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Viktoriya O. Manyukhina , Andrey O. Prokofyev , Ilia A. Galuta , Dzerassa E. Goiaeva , Tatiana S. Obukhova , Justin F. Schneiderman et al. (2022). Globally elevated excitation–inhibition ratio in children with autism spectrum disorder and below-average intelligence . Molecular Autism, 13(1), 20-20. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00498-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4280502651
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Lee Elizabeth Wachtel , Edward Shorter , Max Fink (2018). Electroconvulsive therapy for self-injurious behaviour in autism spectrum disorders . Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 31(2), 116-122. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000393 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2780545624
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Erik von Elm , Doug Altman , Matthias Egger , Stuart J Pocock , Peter C Gøtzsche , Jan P Vandenbroucke et al. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies . PLoS Medicine, 4(10), e296. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2599076725
    OpenAlex
  38. Randall T. Espinoza , Charles H. Kellner (2022). Electroconvulsive Therapy . New England Journal of Medicine, 386(7), 667-672. Massachusetts Medical Society.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1056/nejmra2034954 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4212766604
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. İbrahim Mert Erdoğan , Aslı Aytulun , K.Burcu Avanoğlu , Özge Türkoğlu , Nilgün Oktar Erdoğan , Ş.Can Gürel et al. (2022). Turkish Adaptation, Validity and Reliability Study of the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating and KANNER Scales . Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 34(4), 254-261. Turkish Association of Nervous and Mental Health.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5080/u27064 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4299817715
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Scott R. Beach , Federico Gomez-Bernal , Jeff C. Huffman , Gregory L. Fricchione (2017). Alternative treatment strategies for catatonia: A systematic review . General Hospital Psychiatry, 48, 1-19. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.06.011 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2684207445
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Joshua R. Smith , Corey E. Hopkins , Jiangmei Xiong , James Luccarelli , Elizabeth Shultz , Simon Vandekar (2024). Use of ECT in Autism Spectrum Disorder and/or Intellectual Disability: A Single Site Retrospective Analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 54(3), 963-982. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05868-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4311811311
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Marie Raffin , Angele Consoli , Marianna Giannitelli , Anne Philippe , Boris Keren , Nicolas Bodeau et al. (2018). Catatonia in Children and Adolescents: A High Rate of Genetic Conditions . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 57(7), 518-525.e1. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.03.020 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2811263193
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. James Luccarelli , Jacqueline A. Clauss , Tasia York , Isaac Baldwin , Simon Vandekar , Trey McGonigle et al. (2024). Exploring the Trajectory of Catatonia in Neurodiverse and Neurotypical Pediatric Hospitalizations: A Multicenter Longitudinal Analysis . medRxiv. openRxiv.
    Type: Prépublication DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.06.24308554 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4399423069
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Emmy Masur Patterson , Jacqueline Lim , Paul Fuchs , Joshua R. Smith , Alexandra Moussa-Tooks , Heather Burrell Ward (2023). Use of First-Generation Antipsychotics in an Adolescent Male with Catatonic Schizophrenia . Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 31(6), 267-273. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000381 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4387563086
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Paul-Christian Bürkner , Matti Vuorre (2019). Ordinal Regression Models in Psychology: A Tutorial . Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(1), 77-101. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/2515245918823199 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2888034815
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Vladimir Ferrafiat , Lee Wachtel , Dirk Dhossche , Aaron Hauptman (2024). Catatonia is an outpatient reality. What do we do now? Schizophrenia Research, 264, 233-235. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.019 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4390631189
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. James Luccarelli , Gregory Fricchione , Alice W. Newton , Janet Wozniak (2022). The diagnosis and treatment of catatonia via telemedicine: A case report and proposed diagnostic criteria . Schizophrenia Research, 241, 66-67. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.038 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4207070078
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. L. E. Wachtel (2019). Treatment of catatonia in autism spectrum disorders . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 139(1), 46-55. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/acps.12980 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2902870485
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Amy Stedman , Briana Taylor , Michael Erard , Christine Peura , Matthew Siegel (2019). Are Children Severely Affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder Underrepresented in Treatment Studies? An Analysis of the Literature . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(4), 1378-1390. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3844-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2904918904
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Sebastian Walther , Katharina Stegmayer , Jo Ellen Wilson , Stephan Heckers (2019). Structure and neural mechanisms of catatonia . The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(7), 610-619. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30474-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2950509008
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Erik von Elm , Doug Altman , Matthias Egger , Stuart J. Pocock , Peter C. Gøtzsche , Jan P. Vandenbroucke (2008). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 61(4), 344-349. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4292229870
    Crossref OpenAlex
  52. Aman Saini , Nazifa Begum , James Matti , Dory Anthony Ghanem , Laurie Fripp , Thomas A. Pollak et al. (2024). Clozapine as a treatment for catatonia: A systematic review . Schizophrenia Research, 263, 275-281. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.09.021 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4295959831
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Anita Tsen-hui Louie , Ekta Anand , Isaac Baldwin , Joshua R. Smith (2025). Use of En-Bloc Multiple Monitored Electroconvulsive Therapy in Benzodiazepine Refractory Malignant Catatonia . The Journal of ECT, 41(1), 62-65. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000001020 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4400348025
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Paul Swamidhas Sudhakar Russell (2020). The clinical utility of a multivariate genetic panel for identifying those at risk of developing Opioid Use Disorder while on prescription opioids . Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 20(2), 419-420. Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2019-0160 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2998581543
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. (2008). Katatonia . Psychiatry Edgmont, 5(12), 42.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  56. Manuel F. Casanova , Mohamed Shaban , Mohammed Ghazal , Ayman S. El-Baz , Emily L. Casanova , Ioan Opris et al. (2020). Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy on Evoked and Induced Gamma Oscillations in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Brain Sciences, 10(7), 423. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070423 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3038410653
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Hari Hara Suchandra , Venkata Senthil Kumar Reddi , Bhaskaran Aandi Subramaniyam , Krishna Prasad Muliyala (2021). Revisiting lorazepam challenge test: Clinical response with dose variations and utility for catatonia in a psychiatric emergency setting . Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(10), 993-1004. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0004867420968915 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3095552801
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. (2007). The Clinical Global Impressions Scale . Psychiatry Edgmont, 4(7), 28.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  59. Ali Jannati , Mary A. Ryan , Harper L. Kaye , Melissa Tsuboyama , Alexander Rotenberg (2022). Biomarkers Obtained by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neurodevelopmental Disorders . Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 39(2), 135-148. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000784 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3187767733
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. (s. d.). Benzodiazepine Conversion Calculator. MDCalc. Accessed August 20, 2024. https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/10091/benzodiazepine-conversion-calculator
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  61. (s. d.). Benzodiazepine Equivalents Conversion Calculator - ClinCalc.com. Accessed August 20, 2024. https://clincalc.com/Benzodiazepine/
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  62. Jeremy Weleff , Brian S. Barnett , Deborah Y. Park , Teddy J. Akiki , Awais Aftab (2023). The State of the Catatonia Literature: Employing Bibliometric Analysis of Articles From 1965–2020 to Identify Current Research Gaps . Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, 64(1), 13-27. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaclp.2022.07.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4285499989
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Robyn P Thom , Michael Wu , Caitlin Ravichandran , Christopher J McDougle (2023). Clozapine for treatment refractory catatonia in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: a retrospective chart review study . Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 16(9), 865-875. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2243820 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4385442412
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Dusan Hirjak , Geva A. Brandt , Stefan Fritze , Katharina M. Kubera , Georg Northoff , Robert Christian Wolf (2024). Distribution and frequency of clinical criteria and rating scales for diagnosis and assessment of catatonia in different study types . Schizophrenia Research, 263, 93-98. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.019 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4313560811
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Michael Ong , Emmy Patterson , Lisa Stewart , Donald Pierce , Joshua R. Smith (2023). Morbidity Due to Disparity in Pediatric Electroconvulsive Therapy . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 62(3), 279-281. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.850 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4308033110
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. James Luccarelli , Mark Kalinich , Gregory Fricchione , Felicia Smith , Scott R. Beach , Joshua R. Smith (2024). Diagnostic and demographic factors of pediatric and adult catatonia hospitalizations: A 2016–2020 National Inpatient Sample Study . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 150(4), 234-244. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/acps.13744 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4401446286
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. (s. d.). Christensen RHB. ordinal: Regression Models for Ordinal Data. Published online August 19, 2024. Accessed August 20, 2024. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ordinal/index.html
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  68. James Luccarelli , Thomas H. McCoy , Tasia York , Isaac Baldwin , Gregory Fricchione , Catherine Fuchs et al. (2024). The effectiveness of the lorazepam challenge test in pediatric catatonia: A multisite retrospective cohort study . Schizophrenia Research, 270, 410-415. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.07.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4400438829
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  69. Einat Waizbard-Bartov , Deborah Fein , Catherine Lord , David G. Amaral (2023). Autism severity and its relationship to disability . Autism Research, 16(4), 685-696. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2898 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4320710418
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. Shavon Moore , Debha N. Amatya , Michael M. Chu , Aaron D. Besterman (2022). Catatonia in autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities: a state-of-the-art review . npj Mental Health Research, 1(1), 12-12. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s44184-022-00012-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4295589178
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  71. (s. d.). Shah A. Catatonia, Shutdown and Breakdown in Autism: A Psycho-Ecological Approach. Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2019.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref
  72. Amelle Shillington , Katherine J. Zappia , Lori White , Cara Fosdick , Craig A. Erickson , Martine Lamy et al. (2023). Genetic syndromes are prevalent in patients with comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders and catatonia . American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A, 191(11), 2716-2722. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63379 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386254563
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  73. (s. d.). Fink M, Taylor MA. Catatonia: A Clinician’s Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. Cambridge University Press; 2006.
    Type: Autre
    Crossref