‘I did what I could to earn some money and be of use’: A qualitative exploration of autistic people’s journeys to career success and fulfilment

Davies, J., Melinek, R., Livesey, A., Killick, E., Sam, E., Romualdez, A. M., Pellicano, E., & Remington, A. (2024). ‘I did what I could to earn some money and be of use’: A qualitative exploration of autistic people’s journeys to career success and fulfilment. Autism, 29(4), 988-1004. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241292177

Publication date: 20 Dec 2024 Added to AutiHub: 6 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
8
Publication authors identified as autistic
2 / 8 (25.0%)

Abstract

Employment contributes to well-being, yet many autistic people who want to work face barriers to meaningful employment. Much research focuses solely on employment rates, rather than taking a more holistic view of professional trajectories and occupational experiences. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 18 autistic adults to explore their experiences of, and perspectives on, career success. Our participants highlighted the overarching importance of finding fulfilment in one's career. Using reflexive thematic analysis, we identified five additional key themes: (1) volatile career journeys, (2) the need for continuing career support, (3) the impact (positive or negative) of social interactions, (4) the important role of organisations and (5) the catastrophic impact of poor experiences. Our findings highlight the importance of tailored, lifelong employment support and inclusive workplaces in enabling autistic people to thrive at work. Enabling autistic career fulfilment requires moving beyond entry-level hiring to foster sustainable, fulfilling employment for all autistic people.Lay abstractMany autistic people want to work but have trouble finding jobs they like and can stick with. Most research tries to help more autistic people get jobs, but does not look at whether those jobs are fulfilling, or how people progress once they start working. We spoke to 18 autistic people about their experiences at work, and their ideas about success at work. Participants said finding fulfilment in their careers was key. We found five common 'themes' across the interviews. First, autistic people's careers often take unexpected turns. For example, many participants only got diagnosed as adults, which sometimes changed their work plans. Second, autistic people might need ongoing help with their career, including help with finding jobs they would enjoy and be good at, and advice on how to progress in their job. Third, getting along with others at work is really important. Having supportive colleagues helped our participants thrive, but workplace bullying forced some to leave their jobs. Fourth, workplaces need to be welcoming to everybody. Adjustments and understanding managers helped, but many of our participants' workplaces were not inclusive. Finally, bad work experiences can be devastating for mental health and well-being and negative experiences like bullying led some participants to quit working entirely. Our findings show that lifelong support tailored to each person and welcoming workplaces are important for autistic people to thrive at work. It is not enough to just hire autistic people - we need to help them have jobs they like and can stick with long-term.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Bibliography inclusion overview

These indicators describe the cited bibliography imported for this publication. Cited-reference metrics use the cited-reference total as denominator. Cited-author metrics state whether they use all cited-author occurrences or only occurrences linked to authors already integrated in the AutiHub database. They use cached links between cited authors and authors integrated in the AutiHub database. Last computed: 16 Aug 2026 11:30.

Cited references
85
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
13 / 85 (15.3%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
24 / 253 (9.5%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 24 / 97 (24.7%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 16 / 209 (7.7%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
97 / 253 (38.3%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 62 / 209 (29.7%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
73 / 97 (75.3%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 73 / 253 (28.9%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 46 / 62 (74.2%).
  1. Glen H. Elder (2018). Children of the Great Depression . In Children of the Great Depression (pp. 271-419). Routledge.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4324/9780429501739-14 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W18807917
    OpenAlex
  2. Blake A. Allan , Cassondra Batz-Barbarich , Haley M. Sterling , Louis Tay (2019). Outcomes of Meaningful Work: A Meta‐Analysis . Journal of Management Studies, 56(3), 500-528. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Ryan D. Duffy , Bryan J. Dik (2013). Research on calling: What have we learned and where are we going? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 428-436. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Connie Anderson , Catherine Butt , Clare Sarsony (2021). Young Adults on the Autism Spectrum and Early Employment-Related Experiences: Aspirations and Obstacles . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(1), 88-105. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Lauren Lindstrom , Kara A. Hirano , Colleen McCarthy , Charlotte Y. Alverson (2014). “Just Having a Job” . Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 37(1), 40-49. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2012). On the ontological status of autism: the ‘double empathy problem’ . Disability & Society, 27(6), 883-887. Informa UK Limited.
    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Michael B. Arthur , Priscilla H. Claman , Robert J. DeFillippi (1995). Intelligent enterprise, intelligent careers . Academy of Management Perspectives, 9(4), 7-20. Academy of Management.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Hanna Bertilsdotter Rosqvist *Autistic author. Learn more… (2019). Doing things together . Alter, 13-3, 168-178. OpenEdition.
    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology . Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Michael B. Arthur , Svetlana N. Khapova , Jeff Richardson (2016). An Intelligent Career: Taking Ownership of Your Work and Your Life .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2611231314
    Crossref OpenAlex
  11. Susanna Baldwin , Debra Costley , Anthony Warren (2014). Employment Activities and Experiences of Adults with High-Functioning Autism and Asperger’s Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2440-2449. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Maria Ashworth , Brett Heasman , Laura Crane , Anna Remington (2024). Evaluating the impact of an online autism training on changing employers’ autism knowledge and commitment to inclusion in the workplace . Neurodiversity, 2. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Yonghong Jade Xu , Cynthia L. Martin (2011). Gender Differences in STEM Disciplines: From the Aspects of Informal Professional Networking and Faculty Career Development . Gender Issues, 28(3), 134-154. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Ryan D. Duffy , David L. Blustein , Matthew A. Diemer , Kelsey L. Autin (2016). The Psychology of Working Theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(2), 127-148. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Reem Balubaid (2017). Autism and the experience of transition from childhood to adulthood . CentAUR (University of Reading).
    Type: Dissertation OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2760397790
    Crossref OpenAlex
  16. Daniel Spurk , Andreas Hirschi , Nicky Dries (2019). Antecedents and Outcomes of Objective Versus Subjective Career Success: Competing Perspectives and Future Directions . Journal of Management, 45(1), 35-69. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Marius Gerber , Anette Wittekind , Gudela Grote , Bruno Staffelbach (2009). Exploring types of career orientation: A latent class analysis approach . Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(3), 303-318. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Adam Berman (2023). Making Work Work: Improving Employment Outcomes for Autistic Adults . Proceedings of the 2023 AERA Annual Meeting. AERA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3102/2007033 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386235781
    Crossref OpenAlex
  19. Elizabeth D. Hutchison (2011). Life Course Theory . In Encyclopedia of Adolescence (pp. 1586-1594). Springer New York.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Mark Deal (2007). Aversive disablism: subtle prejudice toward disabled people . Disability & Society, 22(1), 93-107. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Darren Hedley , Jennifer R. Spoor , Ru Ying Cai , Mirko Uljarević , Simon M. Bury , Eynat Gal et al. (2021). Supportive employment practices: perspectives of autistic employees . Advances in Autism, 7(1), 28-40. Emerald.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Susan Cartwright , Nicola Holmes (2006). The meaning of work: The challenge of regaining employee engagement and reducing cynicism . Human Resource Management Review, 16(2), 199-208. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. E B Faragher , M Cass , C L Cooper (2005). The relationship between job satisfaction and health: a meta-analysis . Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(2), 105-112. BMJ.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Coralie Chevallier , Gregor Kohls , Vanessa Troiani , Edward S. Brodkin , Robert T. Schultz (2012). The social motivation theory of autism . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(4), 231-239. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Noah J. Sasson , Daniel J. Faso , Jack Nugent , Sarah Lovell , Daniel P. Kennedy , Ruth B. Grossman (2017). Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments . Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40700-40700. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Braudis, Mary Pat. (2017). Transitioning from School to Work for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Approaches to Obtaining and Maintaining Competitive Employment . Transitioning from school to work for individuals with autism spectrum disorders: Approaches to obtaining and maintaining competitive employment.
    Type: Other OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W7006409482
    Crossref OpenAlex
  27. Sally Lindsay , Victoria Osten , Mana Rezai , Sunny Bui (2021). Disclosure and workplace accommodations for people with autism: a systematic review . Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(5), 597-610. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Michael F. Steger , Bryan J. Dik , Ryan D. Duffy (2012). Measuring Meaningful Work . Journal of Career Assessment, 20(3), 322-337. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Lynne J. Millward (2006). The transition to motherhood in an organizational context: An interpretative phenomenological analysis . Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79(3), 315-333. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis . Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589-597. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2021). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 328-352. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Jade Davies , Anna Melissa Romualdez , Elizabeth Pellicano , Anna Remington (2024). Career progression for autistic people: A scoping review . Autism, 28(11), 2690-2706. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Eleanor Buckley , Elizabeth Pellicano , Anna Remington (2021). “The Real Thing I Struggle with is Other People’s Perceptions”: The Experiences of Autistic Performing Arts Professionals and Attitudes of Performing Arts Employers in the UK . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(1), 45-59. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Brent D. Rosso , Kathryn H. Dekas , Amy Wrzesniewski (2010). On the meaning of work: A theoretical integration and review . Research in Organizational Behavior, 30, 91-127. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. David Byrne (2022). A worked example of Braun and Clarke’s approach to reflexive thematic analysis . Quality & Quantity, 56(3), 1391-1412. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Madeleine Harvery , Elspeth H. Froude , Kitty‐Rose Foley , Julian N Trollor , Samuel R. C. Arnold (2021). Employment profiles of autistic adults in Australia . Autism Research, 14(10), 2061-2077. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2588 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3190182237
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Rebecca Wood , Francesca Happé (2023). What are the views and experiences of autistic teachers? Findings from an online survey in the UK . Disability & Society, 38(1), 47-72. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Glen H. Elder Jr. (1994). Time, Human Agency, and Social Change: Perspectives on the Life Course . Social Psychology Quarterly, 57(1), 4. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2786971 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2329776486
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Robert Chapman *Autistic author. Learn more… , Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… (2023). Neurodivergence‐informed therapy . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 65(3), 310-317. Wiley.
    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Glen H. Elder , Monica Kirkpatrick Johnson , Robert Crosnoe (2003). The Emergence and Development of Life Course Theory . In Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research (pp. 3-19). Springer US.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Andreas Hirschi , Jessie Koen (2021). Contemporary career orientations and career self-management: A review and integration . Journal of Vocational Behavior, 126, 103505. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Adrienne J. Colella , Susanne M. Bruyère (2011). Disability and employment: New directions for industrial and organizational psychology. In APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol 1: Building and developing the organization. (pp. 473-503). American Psychological Association.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1037/12169-015 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2505872276
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Anne Cockayne (2019). An examination of the experiences of line managers who manage employees with Asperger syndrome, exploring how these are shaped by contemporary HRM policies . Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository).
    Type: Dissertation OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2980765713
    Crossref OpenAlex
  44. Katherine Sang , Thomas Calvard , Jennifer Remnant (2022). Disability and Academic Careers: Using the Social Relational Model to Reveal the Role of Human Resource Management Practices in Creating Disability . Work, Employment and Society, 36(4), 722-740. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Susan Hayward , Keith R. McVilly , Mark A. Stokes (2019). Autism and employment: What works . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 60, 48-58. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Ross Cooper , Craig Kennady (2021). Autistic voices from the workplace . Advances in Autism, 7(1), 73-85. Emerald.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Julie Lounds Taylor (2017). When is a good outcome actually good? Autism, 21(8), 918-919. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Noah J. Sasson , Kerrianne E Morrison (2019). First impressions of adults with autism improve with diagnostic disclosure and increased autism knowledge of peers . Autism, 23(1), 50-59. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Ellen Ernst Kossek , Kyung-Hee Lee (2017). Work-Family Conflict and Work-Life Conflict . Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management. Oxford University PressNew York, NY.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Kilee M. DeBrabander , Kerrianne E. Morrison , Desiree R. Jones , Daniel J. Faso , Mike Chmielewski , Noah J. Sasson (2019). Do First Impressions of Autistic Adults Differ Between Autistic and Nonautistic Observers? Autism in Adulthood, 1(4), 250-257. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Douglas Kruse , Lisa Schur , Sean Rogers , Mason Ameri (2018). Why Do Workers with Disabilities Earn Less? Occupational Job Requirements and Disability Discrimination . British Journal of Industrial Relations, 56(4), 798-834. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Marie Djela (2021). Change of autism narrative is required to improve employment of autistic people . Advances in Autism, 7(1), 86-100. Emerald.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Yanjun Guan , Michael B. Arthur , Svetlana N. Khapova , Rosalie J. Hall , Robert G. Lord (2019). Career boundarylessness and career success: A review, integration and guide to future research . Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 390-402. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Alicja Domagała , Małgorzata M. Bała , Dawid Storman , Juan Nicolás Peña-Sánchez , Mateusz J. Świerz , Mateusz Kaczmarczyk et al. (2018). Factors Associated with Satisfaction of Hospital Physicians: A Systematic Review on European Data . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2546. MDPI AG.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Emily F. Henderson , Xuemeng Cao , Julie Mansuy (2018). In Two Places at Once: The Impact of Caring Responsibilities on Academics’ Conference Participation: Final Project Report . Centre for Education Studies, University of Warwick.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. Jessica Dreaver , Craig Thompson , Sonya Girdler , Margareta Adolfsson , Melissa H. Black , Marita Falkmer (2020). Success Factors Enabling Employment for Adults on the Autism Spectrum from Employers’ Perspective . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(5), 1657-1667. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Takashi Tatsuse , Michikazu Sekine , Masaaki Yamada (2019). The Contributions Made by Job Satisfaction and Psychosocial Stress to the Development and Persistence of Depressive Symptoms . Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 61(3), 190-196. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. Elder G. H. (1974). Children of the Great Depression . Children of the Great Depression.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  59. Nicola Maxwell , Linda Connolly , Caitríona Ní Laoire (2019). Informality, emotion and gendered career paths: The hidden toll of maternity leave on female academics and researchers . Gender, Work & Organization, 26(2), 140-157. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. Valerie Martin , Tara D. Flanagan , Timothy J. Vogus , Denis Chênevert (2023). Sustainable employment depends on quality relationships between supervisors and their employees on the autism spectrum . Disability and Rehabilitation, 45(11), 1784-1795. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Panagiotis Stamolampros , Nikolaos Korfiatis , Konstantinos Chalvatzis , Dimitrios Buhalis (2019). Job satisfaction and employee turnover determinants in high contact services: Insights from Employees’Online reviews . Tourism Management, 75, 130-147. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Faten Nouf-Latif , Katarina Andersson , Urban Markström (2019). Encouraging real or make-believe citizen-workers? Alter, 13-2, 126-140. OpenEdition.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Susan Hayward , Keith R. McVilly , Mark A. Stokes (2019). “I Would Love to Just Be Myself”: What Autistic Women Want at Work . Autism in Adulthood, 1(4), 297-305. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Takashi Oshio (2021). Job dissatisfaction as a predictor of poor health among middle-aged workers: a 14-wave mixed model analysis in Japan . Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 47(8), 591-599. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Sam Sims (2020). Modelling the relationships between teacher working conditions, job satisfaction and workplace mobility . British Educational Research Journal, 46(2), 301-320. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Kelly M. Romualdez A. M. (2022). I feel like I’m living now: The experiences of self-employment from the perspectives of autistic individuals in the UK [Unpublished manuscript].
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  67. Jasin Wong , Ellen S. Cohn , Wendy J. Coster , Gael I. Orsmond (2020). “Success Doesn’t Happen in a Traditional Way”: Experiences of school personnel who provide employment preparation for youth with autism spectrum disorder . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 77, 101631. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  68. Anna Melissa Romualdez , Zachary Walker , Anna Remington (2021). Autistic adults’ experiences of diagnostic disclosure in the workplace: Decision-making and factors associated with outcomes . Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 6, 23969415211022955-23969415211022955. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  69. Murray F. (2019). Me and monotropism . Psychologist, 32, 44.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  70. National Autistic Society (2016). National Autistic Society. (2016). The autism employment gap–too much information in the workplace. The autism employment gap–too much information in the workplace.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  71. Office for National Statistics. (2022). Outcomes for disabled people in the UK–Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/disability/articles/outcomesfordisabledpeopleintheuk/2021#employment
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  72. Melissa Sharpe , Claire Hutchinson , June Alexander (2022). The Lived Experiences and Perspectives of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mainstream Employment in Australia . Disabilities, 2(2), 164-177. MDPI AG.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  73. Qualtrics. (2023). https://www.qualtrics.com
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  74. Romualdez A. M. (2021). Exploring the diagnostic disclosure experiences of autistic individuals in workplace settings . Exploring the diagnostic disclosure experiences of autistic individuals in workplace settings.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  75. Melissa A Sreckovic , Tia R Schultz , Suzanne Kucharczyk , Nancy Welsh-Young (2024). Coming out autistic at work: A review of the literature . Autism, 28(7), 1772-1784. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations