Is disclosing an autism spectrum disorder in school associated with reduced stigmatization?

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

White, R., Barreto, M., Harrington, J., Kapp, S. K., Hayes, J., & Russell, G. (2019). Is disclosing an autism spectrum disorder in school associated with reduced stigmatization? Autism, 24(3), 744-754. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319887625

Publication date: 27 Nov 2019 Added to AutiHub: 6 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
OpenAlex source Publisher source (DOI) Full text

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
6
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 6 (16.7%)
  1. Rhianna White
  2. Manuela Barreto
  3. Jean Harrington
  1. Steven K. Kapp *
  2. Jennie Hayes
  3. Ginny Russell

Abstract

Evidence suggests disclosing an autism diagnosis is associated with reduced stigmatization for autistic adults. However, it is unknown whether this is true for autistic adolescents. We used a vignette-and-questionnaire design to study stigmatizing attitudes with adolescents (aged 11–12 and 14–16 years, total N = 250) in a UK school. We investigated the effect of disclosing that a fictional adolescent had an autism diagnosis on stigmatizing attitudes of peers by testing the effect of disclosure of diagnosis on the social and emotional distance pupils wanted to maintain from the autistic adolescent. We also tested the effect of disclosure on peers’ assessment of the adolescent’s responsibility for their own behaviour. We checked to see if the effects were moderated by gender and age-group. Disclosing autism did not affect the social and emotional distance peers wanted to maintain from the autistic adolescent, but was associated with significant reduction in personal responsibility attributed to the adolescent’s behaviour. Boys attributed more personal responsibility to the autistic adolescent than girls, but this gender effect was reduced when autism was disclosed. These findings suggest that disclosing autism to other pupils may be of limited use in reducing stigmatization by peers in UK schools.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Bibliography inclusion overview

These indicators describe the cited bibliography imported for this publication. Cited-reference metrics use the cited-reference total as denominator. Cited-author metrics state whether they use all cited-author occurrences or only occurrences linked to authors already integrated in the AutiHub database. They use cached links between cited authors and authors integrated in the AutiHub database. Last computed: 16 Aug 2026 11:30.

Cited references
64
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
5 / 64 (7.8%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
5 / 163 (3.1%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 5 / 37 (13.5%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 3 / 144 (2.1%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
37 / 163 (22.7%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 22 / 144 (15.3%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
32 / 37 (86.5%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 32 / 163 (19.6%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 19 / 22 (86.4%).
  1. Karen F. Swaim , Sam B. Morgan (2001). Children's Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions Toward a Peer with Autistic Behaviors: Does a Brief Educational Intervention Have an Effect? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(2), 195-205. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1010703316365 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W115749738
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4247665917
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Christian S. Crandall (1991). Multiple stigma and AIDS: Illness stigma and attitudes toward homosexuals and IV drug users in AIDS‐related stigmatization . Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 1(2), 165-172. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/casp.2450010210 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2022106145
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. B. Bradford Brown , James Larson (2009). Peer Relationships in Adolescence . Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. Wiley.
    Type: Other DOI: 10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1484403388
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Sarah Bargiela , Robyn Steward * , Will Mandy (2016). The Experiences of Late-diagnosed Women with Autism Spectrum Conditions: An Investigation of the Female Autism Phenotype . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(10), 3281-3294. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2872-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2494524772
    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Kathryn M. LaFontana , Antonius H. N. Cillessen (2010). Developmental Changes in the Priority of Perceived Status in Childhood and Adolescence . Social Development, 19(1), 130-147. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00522.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1968546057
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Adam Hatton (2014). Schools, pupils and their characteristics: January 2014 . Digital Education Resource Archive (University College London).
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1600750962
    OpenAlex
  8. Manuela Barreto (2015). APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 2: Group processes. American Psychological Association.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1037/14342-000 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2496385205
    Crossref OpenAlex
  9. P. W. Corrigan (2007). How Clinical Diagnosis Might Exacerbate the Stigma of Mental Illness . Social Work, 52(1), 31-39. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/sw/52.1.31 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2158886491
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Jill Locke , Eric H. Ishijima , Connie Kasari , Nancy London (2010). Loneliness, friendship quality and the social networks of adolescents with high‐functioning autism in an inclusive school setting . Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 10(2), 74-81. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-3802.2010.01148.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1762001202
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. S. K. Bell (2000). Children's Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions Toward a Peer Presented as Obese: Does a Medical Explanation for the Obesity Make a Difference? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 25(3), 137-145. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/25.3.137 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2139253411
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Rose E. A. Nevill , Susan W. White (2011). College Students’ Openness Toward Autism Spectrum Disorders: Improving Peer Acceptance . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(12), 1619-1628. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1189-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2067597962
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Adam Rafalovich (2013). Attention Deficit‐Hyperactivity Disorder as the Medicalization of Childhood: Challenges from and for Sociology . Sociology Compass, 7(5), 343-354. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/soc4.12034 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1803723116
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Emily Berger , Penelope Hasking , Graham Martin (2017). Adolescents’ Perspectives of Youth Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Prevention . Youth & Society, 49(1), 3-22. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0044118x13520561 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2091388537
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Rita Obeid , Nidal Daou , Danielle DeNigris , Christina Shane‐Simpson , Patricia J. Brooks , Kristen Gillespie-Lynch (2015). A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Knowledge and Stigma Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder Among College Students in Lebanon and the United States . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(11), 3520-3536. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2499-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1932511174
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Thomas Fondelli , Peter Rober (2017). ‘He also has the right to be who he is … ’. An exploration of how young people socially represent autism . International Journal of Inclusive Education, 21(7), 701-713. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13603116.2016.1252431 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2554054654
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Erlend P. Kvaale , Nick Haslam , William H. Gottdiener (2013). The ‘side effects’ of medicalization: A meta-analytic review of how biogenetic explanations affect stigma . Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 782-794. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1964722435
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Robert C. Butler , Jennifer M Gillis (2011). The Impact of Labels and Behaviors on the Stigmatization of Adults with Asperger’s Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(6), 741-749. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1093-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2007300127
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Luisa Ruiz Calzada , Nancy Pistrang , Will Mandy (2012). High-Functioning Autism and Asperger’s Disorder: Utility and Meaning for Families . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(2), 230-243. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1238-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2076107462
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Talcott Parsons (1951). Illness and the role of the physician: A sociological perspective. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 21(3), 452-460. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1951.tb00003.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1973989109
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Jonathan M. Campbell (2007). Middle School Students' Response to the Self-Introduction of a Student With Autism . Remedial and Special Education, 28(3), 163-173. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/07419325070280030501 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2155705406
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. B. G. Link , L. H. Yang , J. C. Phelan , P. Y. Collins (2004). Measuring Mental Illness Stigma . Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 511-541. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007098 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2157216651
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Nicole Matthews , Agnes R. Ly , Wendy A. Goldberg (2015). College Students’ Perceptions of Peers with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(1), 90-99. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2195-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1977903871
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Jonathan M Campbell , Jane E Ferguson , Caitlin V Herzinger , Jennie N Jackson , Christine A Marino (2004). Combined descriptive and explanatory information improves peers’ perceptions of autism . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25(4), 321-339. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2004.01.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2023387123
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Rhidian Hughes , Meg Huby (2002). The application of vignettes in social and nursing research . Journal of Advanced Nursing, 37(4), 382-386. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02100.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2088151626
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. SHERRI CAVAN (1967). Being Mentally Ill. A Sociological Theory . Family Process, 6(1), 132-133. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.1967.129_3.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1994087111
    OpenAlex
  28. Jason D. Carter , Judith A. Hall , Dana R. Carney , Janelle C. Rosip (2006). Individual differences in the acceptance of stereotyping . Journal of Research in Personality, 40(6), 1103-1118. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2020003805
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Bridgette L. Tonnsen , Erin R. Hahn (2016). Middle School Students’ Attitudes Toward a Peer With Autism Spectrum Disorder . Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 31(4), 262-274. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1088357614559213 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1994587986
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Patrick Chambres , Catherine Auxiette , Carole Vansingle , Sandrine Gil (2008). Adult Attitudes Toward Behaviors of a Six-year-old Boy with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1320-1327. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-007-0519-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2053721518
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Fumio Someki , Miyuki Torii , Patricia J. Brooks , Tatsuya Koeda , Kristen Gillespie-Lynch (2018). Stigma associated with autism among college students in Japan and the United States: An online training study . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 76, 88-98. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.02.016 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2795294239
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Louise Dolphin , Eilis Hennessy (2014). Adolescents׳ perceptions of peers with depression: An attributional analysis . Psychiatry Research, 218(3), 295-302. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.051 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2006139660
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Emily Iobst , Laura Nabors , Kim Rosenzweig , Laura Srivorakiat , Rachel Champlin , Jonathan Campbell et al. (2009). Adults’ perceptions of a child with autism . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(2), 401-408. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2008.08.006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2007188161
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Claudia Malacrida (2004). Medicalization, Ambivalence and Social Control: Mothers’ Descriptions of Educators and ADD/ADHD . Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine, 8(1), 61-80. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1363459304038795 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2106792511
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Department for Education (2017). Schools, pupils and their characteristics: January 2017 . Schools, pupils and their characteristics: January 2017.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  36. Stacey S. Horn (2003). Adolescents' reasoning about exclusion from social groups. Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 71-84. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.71 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2014226185
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Jan Kornelis Dijkstra , Siegwart Lindenberg , René Veenstra (2007). Same-gender and cross-gender peer acceptance and peer rejection and their relation to bullying and helping among preadolescents: Comparing predictions from gender-homophily and goal-framing approaches. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1377-1389. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1377 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2106177547
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. David Farrugia (2009). Exploring stigma: medical knowledge and the stigmatisation of parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder . Sociology of Health & Illness, 31(7), 1011-1027. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01174.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2031314572
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Annemarie Wright , Anthony F. Jorm , Andrew J. Mackinnon (2011). Labeling of mental disorders and stigma in young people . Social Science & Medicine, 73(4), 498-506. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.015 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2015999440
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Marsha Harnum , Jim Duffy , Duncan A. Ferguson (2007). Adults’ Versus Children’s Perceptions of a Child with Autism or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(7), 1337-1343. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0273-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2017451051
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Lise Mogensen , Jan Mason (2015). The meaning of a label for teenagers negotiating identity: experiences with autism spectrum disorder . Sociology of Health & Illness, 37(2), 255-269. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12208 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2019639281
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. David B. Feldman , Christian S. Crandall (2007). Dimensions of Mental Illness Stigma: What About Mental Illness Causes Social Rejection? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(2), 137-154. Guilford Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2007.26.2.137 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2030846840
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Steven K. Kapp * , Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Lauren E. Sherman , Ted Hutman (2013). Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59-71. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0028353 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2124715426
    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. David E. Gray (2002). ‘Everybody just freezes. Everybody is just embarrassed’: felt and enacted stigma among parents of children with high functioning autism . Sociology of Health & Illness, 24(6), 734-749. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.00316 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2062748379
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Elinor Ochs , Tamar Kremer‐Sadlik , Olga Solomon , Karen Gainer Sirota (2001). Inclusion as Social Practice: Views of Children with Autism . Social Development, 10(3), 399-419. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1467-9507.00172 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2146770834
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Bernard Weiner (1993). On sin versus sickness: A theory of perceived responsibility and social motivation. American Psychologist, 48(9), 957-965. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.48.9.957 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4231643907
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Neil Humphrey , Sarah Lewis (2008). `Make me normal' . Autism, 12(1), 23-46. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361307085267 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2119717901
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Jeneva L. Ohan , Troy A. W. Visser (2009). Why Is There a Gender Gap in Children Presenting for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Services? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(5), 650-660. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/15374410903103627 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2071180114
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Jennifer L. Jones , Kami L. Gallus , Kacey L. Viering , Lauren M. Oseland (2015). ‘Are you by chance on the spectrum?’ Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder making sense of their diagnoses . Disability & Society, 30(10), 1490-1504. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2015.1108902 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2204762645
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. S.M. Zeedyk , G. Rodriguez , L.A. Tipton , B.L. Baker , J. Blacher (2014). Bullying of youth with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, or typical development: Victim and parent perspectives . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(9), 1173-1183. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2014.06.001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2075674039
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Anthony F. Jorm , AnneMarie Wright (2008). Influences on young people's stigmatising attitudes towards peers with mental disorders: National survey of young Australians and their parents . British Journal of Psychiatry, 192(2), 144-149. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039404 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2116685573
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Noah J. Sasson , Kerrianne E Morrison (2019). First impressions of adults with autism improve with diagnostic disclosure and increased autism knowledge of peers . Autism, 23(1), 50-59. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317729526 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766361726
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Cliodhna O'Connor , Irini Kadianaki , Kristen Maunder , Fiona McNicholas (2018). How does psychiatric diagnosis affect young people's self-concept and social identity? A systematic review and synthesis of the qualitative literature . Social Science & Medicine, 212, 94-119. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.011 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2884326308
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Bruce G. Link , Jo C. Phelan (2001). Conceptualizing Stigma . Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363-385. Annual Reviews.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4213367093
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. Anna-Kaisa Newheiser , Manuela Barreto (2014). Hidden costs of hiding stigma: Ironic interpersonal consequences of concealing a stigmatized identity in social interactions . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 58-70. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2166023526
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Maccoby E. E. (1998). The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together . The two sexes: Growing up apart, coming together.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  58. Morgan S. B. (1996). The Shared Activities Questionnaire. The Shared Activities Questionnaire..
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  59. Jolien Van der Graaff , Susan Branje , Minet De Wied , Skyler Hawk , Pol Van Lier , Wim Meeus (2014). Perspective taking and empathic concern in adolescence: Gender differences in developmental changes. Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 881-888. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0034325 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2314238864
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Russell G. (2016). Re-thinking autism: Diagnosis, identity and equality . Re-thinking autism: Diagnosis, identity and equality, 252.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  62. Scheff T. J. (1966). Being mentally ill: A sociological theory . Being mentally ill: A sociological theory.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  63. David Watson , Lee Anna Clark , Auke Tellegen (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4292994367
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Spencer E. Cahill , Eleanor E. Maccoby (1999). The Two Sexes: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together . Contemporary Sociology, 28(4), 422. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2655304 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4299958088
    OpenAlex