Reproductive healthcare in adolescents with autism and other developmental disabilities

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Ames, J., Anderson, M., Cronbach, E., Lee, C., Giwa Onaiwu, M., Vallerie, A. M., & Croen, L. A. (2024). Reproductive healthcare in adolescents with autism and other developmental disabilities. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 230(5), 546.e1-546.e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2024.01.005

Publication date: 12 Jan 2024 Added to AutiHub: 5 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
7
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 7 (14.3%)
  1. Jennifer Ames
  2. Meredith Anderson
  3. Emily Cronbach
  4. Catherine Lee
  1. Morénike Giwa Onaiwu *
  2. Amy M. Vallerie
  3. Lisa A. Croen

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Adults with developmental disabilities often have less access to reproductive health services than adults without these disabilities. However, little is known about how adolescents with developmental disabilities, including autism, access reproductive healthcare. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize the use of reproductive healthcare services among adolescents with autism and those with other developmental disabilities in comparison with adolescents with typical development. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a cohort study of a sample of adolescents who were continuously enrolled members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California, an integrated healthcare system, from ages 14 to 18 years. The final analytical sample included 700 adolescents with autism, 836 adolescents with other developmental disabilities, and 2187 typically developing adolescents who sought care between 2000 and 2017. Using the electronic health record, we obtained information on menstrual conditions, the use of obstetrical-gynecologic care, and prescriptions of hormonal contraception. We compared healthcare use between the groups using chi-square tests and covariate-adjusted risk ratios estimated using modified Poisson regression. RESULTS: Adolescents with autism and those with other developmental disabilities were significantly more likely to have diagnoses of menstrual disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome, and premenstrual syndrome than typically developing adolescents. These 2 groups also were less likely than typically developing peers to visit the obstetrician-gynecologist or to use any form of hormonal contraception, including oral contraception, hormonal implants, and intrauterine devices. Adolescents in all 3 groups accessed hormonal contraception most frequently through their primary care provider, followed by an obstetrician-gynecologist. CONCLUSION: Adolescents with autism and those with other developmental disabilities are less likely than their typically developing peers to visit the obstetrician-gynecologist and to use hormonal contraception, suggesting possible care disparities that may persist into adulthood. Efforts to improve access to reproductive healthcare in these populations should target care delivered in both the pediatric and obstetrics-gynecology settings.

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Cited references
62
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
2 / 62 (3.2%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
4 / 270 (1.5%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 4 / 65 (6.2%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 4 / 237 (1.7%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
65 / 270 (24.1%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 44 / 237 (18.6%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
61 / 65 (93.8%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 61 / 270 (22.6%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 40 / 44 (90.9%).
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