Anxiety Symptoms Predict Subsequent Depressive Symptoms in Neurodivergent Youth: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study

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Orm, S., Wood, J., Fossum, I. N., Adams, K., Andersen, P. N., Fjermestad, K., Øie, M. G., & Skogli, E. W. (2025). Anxiety Symptoms Predict Subsequent Depressive Symptoms in Neurodivergent Youth: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 53(3), 429-441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-025-01292-3

Journal or book title
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Volume
53
Issue
3
Pages
429-441
Publication date: 24 Jan 2025 Added to AutiHub: 20 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

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Authors

Publication authors
8
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 8 (12.5%)
  1. Stian Orm *
  2. Jeffrey Wood
  3. Ingrid Nesdal Fossum
  4. Keenan Adams
  1. Per Normann Andersen
  2. Krister Fjermestad
  3. Merete Glenne Øie
  4. Erik Winther Skogli

Abstract

Abstract Neurodivergent youth often experience anxiety and depressive symptoms that may hamper adaptive functioning and well-being. There is little knowledge of how anxiety and depression are related in neurodivergent youth. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether the relationship between anxiety and depressive symptoms is uni- or bidirectional in neurodiverse youth. We assessed self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms over time in 173 youth (M baseline age = 11.7 years, SD = 2.1, 64% males, 36% females). The sample comprised 38 autistic youth, 85 youth diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 50 comparison youth assessed at baseline (T1), 2-year follow-up (T2, 97% retention), and 10-year follow-up (T3, 73% retention). We used cross-lagged models to analyze the data. In neurodivergent youth, more anxiety symptoms at T1 and T2 predicted more depressive symptoms at T2 and T3. Preceding anxiety symptoms were linked with later depressive symptoms, even after accounting for autoregressive effects of depressive symptoms. The results are consistent with a prodromal model in which anxiety symptoms can independently foreshadow the emergence of depressive symptoms over the course of development among neurodivergent youth. Potentially, addressing anxiety symptoms among youth with autism or ADHD could play a role in preventing the onset of youth depression.

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These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 3 Oct 2026 01:01.

Cited references
84
With a DOI
72
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
8
3 / 84 (3.6%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
8 / 84 (9.5%)
References with detected author names
78 / 84 (92.9%)
Without detected author names
6
Without a structured title
8
Without a stable identifier
8
References with raw author names still to review
6
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
315
From DOI or external metadata
315
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
10
70 / 315 (22.2%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 245 / 315 (77.8%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
3 / 315 (1.0%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 3 / 70 (4.3%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 278 (0.4%).
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