A type 1 hybrid multi-site randomized controlled trial protocol for evaluating virtual interview training among autistic transition-age youth

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. two authors of this publication are identified as autistic in the project.

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Smith, M. J., Merle, J. L., Baker-Ericzén, M., Sherwood, K. L., Bornheimer, L. A., Ross, B., Harrington, M., Sharma, A., Brown, C., Gordon, T., Telfer, D., Reese, J., Hirst, J., Oulvey, E. A., Dignadice, V., Williams, E. D., Magaña, S., Hume, K., Sung, C.,..., & Smith, J. D. (2024). A type 1 hybrid multi-site randomized controlled trial protocol for evaluating virtual interview training among autistic transition-age youth. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 42, 101384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101384

Publication date: 18 Oct 2024 Added to AutiHub: 14 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

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Authors

Publication authors
21
Publication authors identified as autistic
2 / 21 (9.5%)
  1. Matthew J. Smith
  2. James L. Merle
  3. Mary Baker-Ericzén
  4. Kari L. Sherwood
  5. Lindsay A. Bornheimer
  6. Brittany Ross
  7. Meghan Harrington
  1. Apara Sharma
  2. Cheryl Brown
  3. Timotheus (TJ) Gordon *
  4. David Telfer *
  5. Jocelyn Reese
  6. Jennifer Hirst
  7. Eugene A. Oulvey
  1. Valerie Dignadice
  2. Ed-Dee Williams
  3. Sandra Magaña
  4. Kara Hume
  5. Connie Sung
  6. Jane K. Burke-Miller
  7. Justin D. Smith

Abstract

A number of policies mandate that autistic transition-age youth receive employment services to prepare for the workforce before high school graduation. A key limitation to these services is the job interview component, which relies on non-standardized, resource-intensive, staff-led role-plays to help autistic transition-age youth improve their interview skills. The autism community has called for better job interview preparation. To address this gap in services, our team, collaborated with the autism community to adapt the intervention, Virtual Reality Job Interview Training (VR-JIT; effective among adults with serious mental illness), into Virtual Interview Training for Transition Age Youth (VIT-TAY ). This adapted intervention was tailored to meet the needs of autistic transition age youth while maintaining the core components of VR-JIT (i.e., an online job interview simulator with four levels of automated feedback and e-learning content). A pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) demonstrated VIT-TAY 's feasibility and initial effectiveness at improving job interview skills, reducing anxiety, and increasing employment rates within six months when added to transition services or pre-employment transition services (Pre-ETS). Thus, the overarching goal of this Hybrid Type 1 effectiveness-implementation study protocol is to conduct a fully-powered RCT of VIT-TAY across 16 schools in various geographical locations. Our specific aims are to 1) Evaluate whether Pre-ETS (or transition services) with VIT-TAY, as compared to Pre-ETS (or transition services) with an active control intervention (i.e., job interview didactics/e-learning with a series of 3–5 min videos of employed autistic adults talking about their career pathways) enhances employment outcomes; 2) Evaluate mechanisms of employment by nine months post-randomization; and 3) Conduct a multilevel, mixed-method process evaluation of the initial implementation of VIT-TAY across settings (e.g., acceptability, feasibility, and barriers and facilitators of implementation).

Bibliography cited by this reference

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 14 Sep 2026 18:08.

Cited references
99
With a DOI
77
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
22
2 / 99 (2.0%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
10 / 99 (10.1%)
References with detected author names
89 / 99 (89.9%)
Without detected author names
10
Without a structured title
3
Without a stable identifier
21
References with raw author names still to review
3
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
466
From DOI or external metadata
466
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
4
102 / 466 (21.9%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 364 / 466 (78.1%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
2 / 466 (0.4%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 2 / 102 (2.0%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 379 (0.3%).
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