The Early Childhood Signs of Autism in Females: a Systematic Review

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Chellew, T., Barbaro, J., & Freeman, N. C. (2022). The Early Childhood Signs of Autism in Females: a Systematic Review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11(2), 249-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-022-00337-3

Publication date: 30 Jul 2022 Added to AutiHub: 7 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
3
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 3 (33.3%)
  1. Tayla Chellew
  2. Josephine Barbaro *
  3. Nerelie C. Freeman

Abstract

Abstract Compared to males, females are at a much greater likelihood of receiving a later diagnosis of autism, which impacts their opportunity to receive early support. To assist with early identification, this systematic literature review aimed to ascertain whether females differ from males in the early childhood signs of autism. The small number of heterogeneous studies made it difficult to draw conclusions, although it appears that females and males under 6 years of age are more similar than different in terms of their expression of autistic behaviours. Given the discrepant sex/gender ratio in autism, these findings highlight the importance of exploring whether there are different and/or specific, not yet identified, early signs of autism in females and males.

Bibliography cited by this reference

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 12 Sep 2026 01:04.

Cited references
82
With a DOI
80
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
2
3 / 82 (3.7%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
2 / 82 (2.4%)
References with detected author names
80 / 82 (97.6%)
Without detected author names
2
Without a structured title
2
Without a stable identifier
2
References with raw author names still to review
2
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
446
From DOI or external metadata
446
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
5
106 / 446 (23.8%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 340 / 446 (76.2%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
3 / 446 (0.7%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 3 / 106 (2.8%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 2 / 406 (0.5%).
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