Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire: Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity in Autistic and Non-Autistic from Spain

Authors

Abstract

Background: Researchers have proposed that camouflaging contributes to delayed or absent diagnosis and mental health problems in autistic individuals. Therefore, there is a need for validated measures of this construct. This study aimed to culturally adapt the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) for the Spanish population (Spain) and assess its psychometric properties, addressing the need for camouflage assessment tools in Spain. Methods: We conducted a cultural adaptation process, which involved direct-back translation and pretest with autistic individuals. We tested internal consistency, test–retest reliability, construct validity, including structural validity (confirmatory factor analysis), measure invariance, and hypothesis testing for construct validity with a larger sample of 490 participants, including 379 non-autistic individuals and 111 autistic individuals. We assessed a subsample of 32 non-autistic participants for test–retest reliability. Results: The cultural adaptation process yielded the CAT-Q–Spanish version (ES), culturally adapted for the Spanish population. Autistic volunteers identified minor comprehension issues in three items and the researchers revised them. The CAT-Q-ES showed excellent internal consistency among non-autistic (McDonald’s omega [ω] = 0.95) and autistic individuals (ω = 0.89). The subscales (Compensation, Masking, Assimilation) demonstrated internal consistencies ranging from adequate to excellent. Test–retest reliability showed a strong relationship (r = 0.99, p < 0.001). Associations between CAT-Q-ES scores and related constructs, including autistic traits, and symptoms of anxiety and depression confirmed its validity, with autistic individuals scoring higher on the test. Conclusion: The CAT-Q-ES is conceptually and semantically equivalent to the original instrument, offering a valid and reliable measure of camouflage for Spanish adults. These findings enhance the assessment and understanding of camouflage within the Spanish context, addressing a crucial gap in the field.

1. Tracy Morison , Alexandra Farren Gibson , Britta Wigginton , Shona Crabb (2015). Online Research Methods in Psychology: Methodological Opportunities for Critical Qualitative Research . Qualitative Research in Psychology, 12(3), 223-232. Informa UK Limited.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/14780887.2015.1008899 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1501698861

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
2. JOHN N. CONSTANTINO (2011). The Quantitative Nature of Autistic Social Impairment . Pediatric Research, 69(5 Part 2), 55R-62R. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318212ec6e OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2058324506

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
3. González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.

   Type: Book DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4247665917

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
4. Yves Rosseel (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling . Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1. Foundation for Open Access Statistic.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.18637/jss.v048.i02 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1913957972

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
5. Elizabeth Pellicano , Dawn Adams , Laura Crane , Calliope Holingue , Connie Allen , Katherine Almendinger *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2024). Letter to the Editor: A possible threat to data integrity for online qualitative autism research . Autism, 28(3), 786-792. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231174543 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4377220250

   AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
6. Crisanto Diez-Quevedo , Teresa Rangil , Luis Sanchez-Planell , Kurt Kroenke , Robert L. Spitzer (2001). Validation and Utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire in Diagnosing Mental Disorders in 1003 General Hospital Spanish Inpatients . Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(4), 679-686. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/00006842-200107000-00021 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1993924531

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
7. Jon Baio , Lisa Wiggins , Deborah L. Christensen , Matthew J Maenner , Julie Daniels , Zachary Warren et al. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014 . MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1-23. Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2614349964

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
8. Victoria Milner , Emma Colvert , Laura Hull , Julia Cook , Dorota Ali *Autistic author. Learn more… , Will Mandy et al. (2024). Does camouflaging predict age at autism diagnosis? A comparison of autistic men and women . Autism Research, 17(3), 626-636. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.3059 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4389179270

   AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
9. Takeshi Nishiyama , Masako Suzuki , Katsunori Adachi , Satoshi Sumi , Kensuke Okada , Hirohisa Kishino et al. (2014). Comprehensive Comparison of Self-administered Questionnaires for Measuring Quantitative Autistic Traits in Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 993-1007. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-2020-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2023779412

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
10. Rachel Loomes , Laura Hull , Will Mandy (2017). What Is the Male-to-Female Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466-474. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2604697269

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
11. Sarah Bargiela , Robyn Steward *Autistic author. Learn more… , Will Mandy (2016). The Experiences of Late-diagnosed Women with Autism Spectrum Conditions: An Investigation of the Female Autism Phenotype . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(10), 3281-3294. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2872-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2494524772

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
12. Joseph Piven , Noah Sasson (2014). On the Misapplication of the Broad Autism Phenotype Questionnaire in a Study of Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 2077-2078. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2076-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2025178178

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
13. Susan L. Hyman , Susan E. Levy , Scott M. Myers , COUNCIL ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, SECTION ON DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS , Dennis Z. Kuo , Susan Apkon et al. (2020). Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder . Pediatrics, 145(1), 1. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-3447 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2995148308

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
14. José María Ramada-Rodilla , Consol Serra-Pujadas , George L Delclós-Clanchet (2013). Adaptación cultural y validación de cuestionarios de salud: revisión y recomendaciones metodológicas . Salud Pública de México, 55(1), 57-66. FapUNIFESP (SciELO).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1590/s0036-36342013000100009 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2032502474

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
15. Allison B. Ratto , Lauren Kenworthy , Benjamin E. Yerys , Julia Bascom *Autistic author. Learn more… , Andrea Trubanova Wieckowski , Susan W White et al. (2018). What About the Girls? Sex-Based Differences in Autistic Traits and Adaptive Skills . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1698-1711. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3413-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2775059339

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
16. Julia Cook , Laura Crane , Laura Hull , Laura Bourne , Will Mandy (2022). Self-reported camouflaging behaviours used by autistic adults during everyday social interactions . Autism, 26(2), 406-421. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211026754 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3175040857

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
17. Elizabeth Pellicano , Adam Dinsmore , Tony Charman (2014). What should autism research focus upon? Community views and priorities from the United Kingdom . Autism, 18(7), 756-770. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361314529627 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2155427676

    AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
18. Karl Lundin Remnélius , Sven Bölte (2024). Camouflaging in Autism: Age Effects and Cross-Cultural Validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 54(5), 1749-1764. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-05909-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4319656264

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
19. Christine DiStefano , Grant B. Morgan (2014). A Comparison of Diagonal Weighted Least Squares Robust Estimation Techniques for Ordinal Data . Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(3), 425-438. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/10705511.2014.915373 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2063594667

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
20. Goldie A. McQuaid , Nancy Raitano Lee , Gregory L. Wallace (2022). Camouflaging in autism spectrum disorder: Examining the roles of sex, gender identity, and diagnostic timing . Autism, 26(2), 552-559. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211042131 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3163483172

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
21. Erin J. Libsack , Elliot Gavin Keenan *Autistic author. Learn more… , Caroline E. Freden , Julianne Mirmina , Nathaniel Iskhakov , Darsiya Krishnathasan et al. (2021). A Systematic Review of Passing as Non-autistic in Autism Spectrum Disorder . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 24(4), 783-812. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10567-021-00365-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3198707363

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
22. Junmo J. Chung , Nathan C. Weed , Kyunghee Han (2006). Evaluating cross-cultural equivalence of the Korean MMPI-2 via bilingual test–retest . International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(5), 531-543. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.08.009 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2075175763

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
23. Rachel K. Schuck , Ryan E. Flores , Lawrence K. Fung (2019). Brief Report: Sex/Gender Differences in Symptomology and Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(6), 2597-2604. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03998-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2929474056

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
24. Cheng-Hsien Li (2016). The performance of ML, DWLS, and ULS estimation with robust corrections in structural equation models with ordinal variables. Psychological Methods, 21(3), 369-387. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/met0000093 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2510686307

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
25. Joseph K. Goodman , Cynthia E. Cryder , Amar Cheema (2013). Data Collection in a Flat World: The Strengths and Weaknesses of Mechanical Turk Samples . Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 26(3), 213-224. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1753 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2126302787

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
26. Henry Wood-Downie , Bonnie Wong , Hanna Kovshoff , Will Mandy , Laura Hull , Julie A. Hadwin (2021). Sex/Gender Differences in Camouflaging in Children and Adolescents with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(4), 1353-1364. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04615-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3044619148

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
27. Daniel McNeish (2018). Thanks coefficient alpha, we’ll take it from here. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 412-433. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/met0000144 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2617619553

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
28. Kristen Gillespie-Lynch , Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… , Christina Shane‐Simpson , David Shane Smith , Ted Hutman (2014). Intersections Between the Autism Spectrum and the Internet: Perceived Benefits and Preferred Functions of Computer-Mediated Communication . Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 52(6), 456-469. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-52.6.456 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2143442819

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
29. Laura Hull , Meng-Chuan Lai , Simon Baron-Cohen , Carrie T. Allison , P. Smith , K.V. Petrides et al. (2020). Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults . Autism, 24(2), 352-363. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319864804 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2964343923

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
30. Berta Gándara Gafo , Isabelle Beaudry-Bellefeuille , Zoe Mailloux , Tania Moriyón , L. Diane Parham , Sergio Santos-del Riego et al. (2021). Cultural Adaptation of the Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration ® (EASI) for Spanish-Speaking Populations . American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 75(5), 980-989. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2021.044693 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3200308816

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
31. Samúel Lefever , Michael Dal , Ásrún Matthíasdóttir (2007). Online data collection in academic research: advantages and limitations . British Journal of Educational Technology, 38(4), 574-582. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00638.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2144015836

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
32. María Tubío Fungueiriño , Sara Cruz , Adriana Sampaio , Angel Carracedo , Montse Fernández Prieto (2021). Social Camouflaging in Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(7), 2190-2199. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04695-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3085436973

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
33. Javier Garcia-Campayo , Enric Zamorano , Miguel A Ruiz , Antonio Pardo , Maria Perez-Paramo , Vanessa Lopez-Gomez et al. (2010). Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool . Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 8(1), 8. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-8-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2169677418

    OpenAlex OpenCitations
34. Eya-Mist Rødgaard *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kristian Jensen , Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak , Laurent Mottron (2022). Representativeness of autistic samples in studies recruiting through social media . Autism Research, 15(8), 1447-1456. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2777 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4284991023

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
35. Jonathan S Beck , Rebecca A Lundwall , Terisa P. Gabrielsen , Jonathan C Cox , Mikle South (2020). Looking good but feeling bad: “Camouflaging” behaviors and mental health in women with autistic traits . Autism, 24(4), 809-821. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320912147 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3028258828

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
36. Ella Perry , Will Mandy , Laura Hull , Eilidh Cage (2022). Understanding Camouflaging as a Response to Autism-Related Stigma: A Social Identity Theory Approach . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(2), 800-810. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-04987-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3150043110

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
37. Lidwine B. Mokkink , Caroline B. Terwee , Donald L. Patrick , Jordi Alonso , Paul W. Stratford , Dirk L. Knol et al. (2010). The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(7), 737-745. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.02.006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2171762906

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
38. Sarah Cassidy , K. Gould , Ellen Townsend , Mirabel Pelton , Ashley Robertson , Jacqui Rodgers (2020). Is Camouflaging Autistic Traits Associated with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours? Expanding the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide in an Undergraduate Student Sample . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3638-3648. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04323-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2993272702

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
39. Laura Hull , Lily Levy , Meng-Chuan Lai , K.V. Petrides , Simon Baron-Cohen , Carrie T. Allison et al. (2021). Is social camouflaging associated with anxiety and depression in autistic adults? Molecular Autism, 12(1), 13. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00421-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3132619758

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
40. Diane L. Putnick , Marc H. Bornstein (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research . Developmental Review, 41, 71. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2469775770

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
41. Meng-Chuan Lai , Michael Lombardo , Amber Ruigrok , Bhismadev Chakrabarti , Bonnie Auyeung , Peter Szatmari et al. (2017). Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism . Autism, 21(6), 690-702. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316671012 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2543847144

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
42. Lisa D. Wiggins , Catherine E. Rice , Brian Barger , Gnakub N. Soke , Li‐Ching Lee , Eric Moody et al. (2019). DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder maximizes diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in preschool children . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54(6), 693-701. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00127-019-01674-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2921046787

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
43. Laura Hull , Will Mandy , Meng-Chuan Lai , Simon Baron-Cohen , Carrie T. Allison , P. Smith et al. (2019). Development and Validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(3), 819-833. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3792-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2898221520

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
44. Wei Ai , William A. Cunningham , Meng-Chuan Lai (2024). The dimensional structure of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and predictors of camouflaging in a representative general population sample . Comprehensive Psychiatry, 128, 152434. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152434 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4387911029

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
45. Wei Ai , William A. Cunningham , Meng-Chuan Lai (2022). Reconsidering autistic ‘camouflaging’ as transactional impression management . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(8), 631. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.05.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281707972

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
46. (n.d.). EspectroAutista.info. Cuestionario del fenotipo ampliado del autismo (BAPQ). EspectroAutista.info; July 6 2009. https://espectroautista.info/BAPQ-es.html

    Type: Other

    Crossref
47. Courtney Jorgenson , Timothy Lewis , Chad Rose , Stephen Kanne (2020). Social Camouflaging in Autistic and Neurotypical Adolescents: A Pilot Study of Differences by Sex and Diagnosis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(12), 4344-4355. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04491-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3015872025

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
48. Laura Hull , K.V. Petrides , Carrie T. Allison , P. Smith , Simon Baron-Cohen , Meng-Chuan Lai et al. (2017). “Putting on My Best Normal”: Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519-2534. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2616560149

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
49. García-Campayo J (2010). The assessment of generalized anxiety disorder: Psychometric validation of the Spanish version of the self-administered GAD-7 scale . Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment, 3(4), 139.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
50. (n.d.). American Educational Research Association American Psychological Association and the National Council on Measurement in Education. Standards for Educational & Psychological Testing (2014 Edition). https://www.aera.net/Standards14 [Last accessed: December 18 2023].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
51. Berta Gándara Gafo , Sergio Santos-del Riego , Inés Viana-Moldes , Javier Muñiz (2019). Cultural Adaptation of the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile for Spain . American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(6), 1000-1009. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2019.031815 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2979706204

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
52. Dexin Shi , Taehun Lee , Alberto Maydeu-Olivares (2019). Understanding the Model Size Effect on SEM Fit Indices . Educational and Psychological Measurement, 79(2), 310-334. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0013164418783530 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2811001418

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
53. (n.d.). International Test Commission. Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Test. 2005. http://www.intestcom.org/files/guideline_test_adaptation.pdf [Last accessed: December 22 2021].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
54. Dustin Wood , Lin Qiu , Jiahui Lu , Han Lin , William Tov (2018). Adjusting Bilingual Ratings by Retest Reliability Improves Estimation of Translation Quality . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(9), 1325-1339. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0022022118789773 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2887569156

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
55. Katie Willis (2004). Theories and Practices of Development . Routledge.

    Type: Book DOI: 10.4324/9780203501566 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4302344887

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
56. Michaela DuBay , Linda R. Watson (2019). Translation and cultural adaptation of parent-report developmental assessments: Improving rigor in methodology . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 62, 55-65. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2019.02.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2924774818

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
57. Eric Rubenstein , Sarah Furnier (2021). #Bias: The Opportunities and Challenges of Surveys That Recruit and Collect Data of Autistic Adults Online . Autism in Adulthood, 3(2), 120-128. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0031 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3102111285

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
58. Raven Bureau *Autistic author. Learn more… , Marie Riebel , Luisa Weiner , Romain Coutelle , Julie Dachez *Autistic author. Learn more… , Céline Clément (2024). French Validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 54(9), 3549-3558. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06048-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4381716712

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
59. Michaela DuBay , Linda R. Watson , Grace T. Baranek , Helen Lee , Carolina Rojevic , William Brinson et al. (2021). Rigorous Translation and Cultural Adaptation of an Autism Screening Tool: First Years Inventory as a Case Study . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(11), 3917-3928. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04837-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3120283742

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
60. Philippa L Howard , Felicity Sedgewick (2021). ‘Anything but the phone!’: Communication mode preferences in the autism community . Autism, 25(8), 2265-2278. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211014995 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3176767872

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
61. (n.d.). R: The R Project for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/ [Last accessed: December 18 2023].

    Type: Other

    Crossref
62. Mukaka MM (2012). Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research . Malawi Med J, 24(3), 69.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
63. Wikke J. van der Putten , Joost A. Agelink van Rentergem , Tulsi A. Radhoe , Carolien Torenvliet , Annabeth P. Groenman , Audrey J.J. Mol et al. (2023). How to measure camouflaging? A conceptual replication of the validation of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire in Dutch adults . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 100, 102072. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102072 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4309591662

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
64. Liliana Dell'Osso , Ivan Mirko Cremone , Dario Muti , Gabriele Massimetti , Primo Lorenzi , Claudia Carmassi et al. (2022). Validation of the Italian version of the camouflaging autistic traits questionnaire (CAT-Q) in a university population . Compr Psychiatry, 114, 152295. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152295 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4206606617

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
65. Minako Hongo , Fumiyo Oshima , Siqing Guan , Tōru Takahashi , Yusuke Nitta , Mikuko Seto et al. (2022). Reliability and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire . Published online December, 18. Center for Open Science.

    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/zdc6g OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4298145708

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
66. Juliette Bouzy , Julie Brunelle , David Cohen , Agnès Condat (2023). Transidentities and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A systematic review . Psychiatry Research, 323, 115176. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115176 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4361218050

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
67. Lucy A Livingston , Punit Shah , Victoria Milner , Francesca Happé (2020). Quantifying compensatory strategies in adults with and without diagnosed autism . Molecular Autism, 11(1), 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0308-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2995930586

    Crossref
68. Chun-Hao Liu , Yi-Lung Chen , Pei-Jung Chen , Hsing-Chang Ni , Meng-Chuan Lai (2024). Exploring camouflaging by the Chinese version Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire in Taiwanese autistic and non-autistic adolescents: An initial development . Autism, 28(3), 690-704. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231181732 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4383711159

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
69. Warriner K (2002). Evaluating Socio-economic Status (SES) Bias in Survey Nonresponse . J Off Stat.

    Type: Other

    Crossref