‘Feeling constantly kicked down’: A qualitative phenomenological study exploring rejection sensitivity in autistic adults

Authors

Abstract

Autistic individuals are at greater risk of social rejection than non-autistic peers. On social media, adults with autism report an extreme sensitivity to social rejection. This qualitative study explored lived experiences of heightened rejection sensitivity in this population. Purposive sampling through social media was used to recruit 19 autistic adults aged 21–71 (11 women, 8 men) who self-reported heightened rejection sensitivity. Face-to-face or online semi-structured interviews were held. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was utilized to analyse the data, and synthesized member checking was conducted to ensure data accuracy. Participants described their rejection sensitivity as profoundly overwhelming, exhausting emotions and thoughts when anticipating or perceiving rejection and criticism. These responses could be accompanied by physical tension, pain and reliving past rejections. Its intensity varied greatly depending on contextual factors (e.g. baseline mood and topic of rejection) and was frequently invalidated. Identified predisposing factors included inherent autistic traits and lifelong rejection experiences. Many strategies were employed to alleviate these challenges, including therapy, with varying success. The participants’ lived experiences show that heightened rejection sensitivity can be a debilitating yet overlooked experience in autistic adults. Further quantitative research is needed to study its prevalence, predisposing factors, impact and potential interventions. Lay abstract Understanding rejection sensitivity in autistic adults: An interview study to gather insights from lived experiences Why was this study done? Autistic individuals are more likely to face rejection and criticism than non-autistic individuals. How stressful these events are can depend on their rejection sensitivity. People with higher rejection sensitivity are more anxious about being rejected, are quicker to think that they are being rejected and have stronger reactions when rejection happens. Some autistic adults on social media describe their rejection sensitivity as extreme. This study aimed to better understand how these adults with autism experience their rejection sensitivity and how it affects their daily lives. What did the researchers do? We interviewed 19 adults with autism, aged 21 to 71, who experience high rejection sensitivity. These interviews were done either face-to-face or online. After analysing the interviews, we shared the findings with participants to check if they matched their experiences. What did the researchers find? Participants described their rejection sensitivity as overwhelming and exhausting. When they felt rejected or criticized, or feared this would happen in the future, they experienced strong emotional and physical reactions, such as overthinking, tension and pain. They could also re-experience memories of past rejection or criticism during these moments. The intensity of these responses varied depending on the situation and was often dismissed by others, including healthcare professionals. Participants felt that their rejection sensitivity came from a combination of their autistic traits and lifelong experiences of being rejected. Some tried therapy or other ways to cope with their rejection sensitivity, with mixed success. What do the findings mean? This study shows that high rejection sensitivity can be a serious and often overlooked challenge for autistic adults. More research is needed to understand it better and support them with this experience.

1. Giorgi A. (2010). The descriptive phenomenological method in psychology: a modified Husserlian approach . Choice Reviews Online, 47(05), 47-2874-47-2874. American Library Association.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.5860/choice.47-2874 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W614732466

   Crossref OpenAlex
2. Javad Alaghband-rad , Arman Hajikarim-Hamedani , Mahtab Motamed (2023). Camouflage and masking behavior in adult autism . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1108110-1108110. Frontiers Media SA.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1108110 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4327614205

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
3. Sarah Griffiths , Carrie Allison , Rebecca Kenny , Rosemary Holt , Paula Smith , Simon Baron-Cohen (2019). The Vulnerability Experiences Quotient (VEQ): A Study of Vulnerability, Mental Health and Life Satisfaction in Autistic Adults . Autism Research, 12(10), 1516-1528. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2162 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2949176131

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
4. Carla Willig (2008). Introducing qualitative research in psychology: adventures in theory and method .

   Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1483822235

   Crossref OpenAlex
5. American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association Publishing.

   Type: Book DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281687410

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
6. Kerrianne E Morrison , Kilee M. DeBrabander , Desiree R. Jones , Daniel J Faso , Robert A. Ackerman , Noah J. Sasson (2020). Outcomes of real-world social interaction for autistic adults paired with autistic compared to typically developing partners . Autism, 24(5), 1067-1080. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319892701 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2996531634

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
7. Kurt Gray , Daniel M. Wegner (2008). The Sting of Intentional Pain . Psychological Science, 19(12), 1260-1262. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02208.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1970278724

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
8. (n.d.). Anonymous. (2022 February 10). Rejection sensitive dysphoria [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/AutismInWomen/comments/sow07a/rejection_sensitive_dysphoria

   Type: Other

   Crossref
9. Christiane M. Büttner , Melissa Jauch , Marco Marinucci , Kipling D. Williams , Rainer Greifeneder , Paolo Riva et al. (2024). It will (never) stop hurting: Do repeated or chronic experiences of exclusion lead to hyper- or hyposensitive psychological responses? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 27(2), 256-277. SAGE Publications.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13684302221140002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4319834376

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
10. Naomi I. Eisenberger (2012). The Neural Bases of Social Pain . Psychosomatic Medicine, 74(2), 126-135. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3182464dd1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1979503776

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
11. Samuel R. C. Arnold , Julianne M. Higgins *Autistic author. Learn more… , Janelle Weise , Aishani Desai , Elizabeth Pellicano , Julian N Trollor (2023). Towards the measurement of autistic burnout . Autism, 27(7), 1933-1948. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613221147401 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4315928498

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
12. Goldie A. McQuaid , Colin H. Weiss , Alex Job Said , Kevin A. Pelphrey , Nancy Raitano Lee , Gregory L. Wallace (2022). Increased perceived stress is negatively associated with activities of daily living and subjective quality of life in younger, middle, and older autistic adults . Autism Research, 15(8), 1535-1549. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2779 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4283822824

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
13. Geraldine Downey , Scott I. Feldman (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.70.6.1327 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2026328722

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
14. Michael Ayres , Jeremy R. Parr , Jacqui Rodgers , David Mason , Leah Avery , Darren Flynn (2018). A systematic review of quality of life of adults on the autism spectrum . Autism, 22(7), 774-783. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317714988 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2743496150

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
15. Coralie Chevallier , Gregor Kohls , Vanessa Troiani , Edward S. Brodkin , Robert T. Schultz (2012). The social motivation theory of autism . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(4), 231-239. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.02.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2091028497

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
16. Roy F. Baumeister , Mark R. Leary (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2081155210

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
17. Sanna Stroth , Lena Paye , Inge Kamp-Becker , Anne-Kathrin Wermter , Sören Krach , Frieder M. Paulus et al. (2019). Empathy in Females With Autism Spectrum Disorder . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 428-428. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00428 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2950152598

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
18. Andreas Olsson , Susanna Carmona , Geraldine Downey , Niall Bolger , Kevin N. Ochsner (2013). Learning biases underlying individual differences in sensitivity to social rejection. Emotion, 13(4), 616-621. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/a0033150 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2093849963

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
19. Kelly B. Beck , Kristen T. MacKenzie , Tanvi Kumar , Kaitlyn E. Breitenfeldt , Judy C. Chang , Caitlin M. Conner et al. (2026). “The World’s Really Not Set Up for the Neurodivergent Person”: Understanding Emotion Dysregulation from the Perspective of Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 8(1), 68-78. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0214 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4400052458

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
20. Riley Buijsman , Sander Begeer , Anke Scheeren (2023). ‘Autistic person’ or ‘person with autism’? Person-first language preference in Dutch adults with autism and parents . Autism, 27(3), 788-795. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613221117914 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4291165536

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
21. Sören Krach , Inge Kamp‐Becker , Wolfgang Einhäuser , Jens Sommer , Stefan Frässle , Andreas Jansen et al. (2015). Evidence from pupillometry and fMRI indicates reduced neural response during vicarious social pain but not physical pain in autism . Human Brain Mapping, 36(11), 4730-4744. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22949 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2109193888

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
22. (n.d.). Bercovici D. (2023 October 13). Rejection sensitive dysphoria in ADHD & autism. Embrace Autism. https://embrace-autism.com/rejection-sensitive-dysphoria-in-adhd-and-autism

    Type: Other

    Crossref
23. Anne Masi , Marilena M. DeMayo , Nicholas Glozier , Adam J. Guastella (2017). An Overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Heterogeneity and Treatment Options . Neuroscience Bulletin, 33(2), 183-193. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0100-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2588655326

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
24. Naomi I. Eisenberger , Matthew D. Lieberman , Kipling D. Williams (2003). Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion . Science, 302(5643), 290-292. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1126/science.1089134 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2110247921

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
25. Linda Birt , Suzanne Scott , Debbie Cavers , Christine Campbell , Fiona Walter (2016). Member Checking . Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1802-1811. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1049732316654870 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2460117687

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
26. Xinxin Lin , Shiwei Zhuo , Zhouan Liu , Junsong Fan , Weiwei Peng (2022). Autistic traits heighten sensitivity to rejection‐induced social pain . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1517(1), 286-299. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14880 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4292103829

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
27. Jean M. Twenge , Kathleen R. Catanese , Roy F. Baumeister (2003). Social Exclusion and the Deconstructed State: Time Perception, Meaninglessness, Lethargy, Lack of Emotion, and Self-Awareness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(3), 409-423. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.3.409 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2122985404

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
28. Renate Bosman , Jochem Thijs (2024). Language Preferences in the Dutch Autism Community: A Social Psychological Approach . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 54(5), 1727-1739. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-05903-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4319657255

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
29. Elizabeth Pellicano , Adam Dinsmore , Tony Charman (2014). What should autism research focus upon? Community views and priorities from the United Kingdom . Autism, 18(7), 756-770. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361314529627 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2155427676

    AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
30. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , David M. Frost (2020). Extending the Minority Stress Model to Understand Mental Health Problems Experienced by the Autistic Population . Society and Mental Health, 10(1), 20-34. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/2156869318804297 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2896204132

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
31. Shuling Gao , Mark Assink , Andrea Cipriani , Kangguang Lin (2017). Associations between rejection sensitivity and mental health outcomes: A meta-analytic review . Clinical Psychology Review, 57, 59-74. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2746986792

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
32. Bonita London , Geraldine Downey , Cheryl Bonica , Iris Paltin (2007). Social Causes and Consequences of Rejection Sensitivity . Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(3), 481-506. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00531.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2169413676

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
33. Emily Trimmer , Skye McDonald , Michelle Kelly , Jacqueline Ann Rushby (2017). The Physiological and Psychological Effects of Ostracism in Adults with ASD . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2326-2335. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3146-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2612512666

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
34. Jonathan A. Smith , Mike Osborn (2015). Interpretative phenomenological analysis as a useful methodology for research on the lived experience of pain . British Journal of Pain, 9(1), 41-42. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/2049463714541642 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2170503011

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
35. Buss D. M. (2008). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind . Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
36. Kim L. Gratz , Katherine L. Dixon-Gordon , Alisa Breetz , Matthew Tull (2013). A Laboratory-Based Examination of Responses to Social Rejection in Borderline Personality Disorder: The Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation . Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(2), 157-171. Guilford Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2013.27.2.157 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2172169029

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
37. Noah J. Sasson , Daniel J. Faso , Jack Nugent , Sarah Lovell , Daniel P. Kennedy , Ruth B. Grossman (2017). Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments . Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40700-40700. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/srep40700 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2585989266

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
38. Julie G Donalek (2004). Phenomenology as a qualitative research method. PubMed, 24(6), 516-7.

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2223271710

    Crossref OpenAlex
39. Eilidh Cage , Catherine J. Crompton , Sarah Dantas , Khiah Strachan , Rachel Birch *Autistic author. Learn more… , Mark Robinson et al. (2024). What are the autism research priorities of autistic adults in Scotland? Autism, 28(9), 2179-2190. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231222656 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4391536598

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
40. Elliot Gavin Keenan *Autistic author. Learn more… , Katherine Gotham , Matthew D Lerner (2018). Hooked on a feeling: Repetitive cognition and internalizing symptomatology in relation to autism spectrum symptomatology . Autism, 22(7), 814-824. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317709603 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2741152734

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
41. Anne G. Lever , Hilde M. Geurts (2016). Psychiatric Co-occurring Symptoms and Disorders in Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(6), 1916-1930. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2722-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2272786625

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
42. Eilidh Cage , Jessica Di Monaco , Victoria Newell (2018). Experiences of Autism Acceptance and Mental Health in Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(2), 473-484. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3342-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766434912

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
43. Lucy Anne Livingston , Emma Colvert , the Social Relationships Study Team , Patrick Bolton , Francesca Happé (2019). Good social skills despite poor theory of mind: exploring compensation in autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(1), 102-110. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12886 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2794780919

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
44. Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck , Drew Nesdale , Haley J. Webb , Mhasa Khatibi , Geraldine Downey (2016). A Longitudinal Rejection Sensitivity Model of Depression and Aggression: Unique Roles of Anxiety, Anger, Blame, Withdrawal and Retribution . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(7), 1291-1307. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0127-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2291102402

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
45. Sarah Cassidy , Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen (2018). Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults . Molecular Autism, 9(1), 42. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2887488849

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
46. Vikram K. Jaswal , Nameera Akhtar (2019). Being versus appearing socially uninterested: Challenging assumptions about social motivation in autism . Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42, Article e82, 1. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x18001826 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2809138493

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
47. Bridget C. O’Brien , Ilene B. Harris , Thomas J. Beckman , Darcy A. Reed , David A. Cook (2014). Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research . Academic Medicine, 89(9), 1245-1251. Oxford University Press (OUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000000388 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2331393505

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
48. Ewa Wojtyna , Magdalena Hyla , Aleksandra Hachuła (2024). Pain of Threatened Self: Explicit and Implicit Self-Esteem, Cortisol Responses to a Social Threat and Pain Perception . Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(9), 2705. MDPI AG.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092705 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4396666351

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
49. Downey G. (1997). Developmental perspectives on trauma: Theory, research, and intervention . Developmental perspectives on trauma: Theory, research, and intervention, 85.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
50. Lucie Kanfiszer , Fran Davies , Suzanne Collins (2017). ‘I was just so different’: The experiences of women diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder in adulthood in relation to gender and social relationships . Autism, 21(6), 661-669. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316687987 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2598764139

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
51. Emine Gürbüz , Deborah M. Riby , Mikle South , Mary Hanley (2024). Associations between autistic traits, depression, social anxiety and social rejection in autistic and non-autistic adults . Scientific Reports, 14(1), 9065-9065. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59532-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4394976546

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
52. Joshua A. Evans , Elizabeth J. Krumrei-Mancuso , Steven V. Rouse (2024). What You Are Hiding Could Be Hurting You: Autistic Masking in Relation to Mental Health, Interpersonal Trauma, Authenticity, and Self-Esteem . Autism in Adulthood, 6(2), 229-240. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2022.0115 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386469469

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
53. Merry Kalingel-Levi , Naomi Schreuer , Yelena Granovsky , Tami Bar-Shalita , Irit Weissman-Fogel , Tseela Hoffman et al. (2023). “Feeling Unwanted, When Nobody Wants You Around”: Perceptions of Social Pain Among People With Autism . American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 77(2), 208-220. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2023.050061 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4364354513

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
54. Mirabel Pelton , Hayley Crawford , Ashley Robertson , Jacqui Rodgers , Simon Baron-Cohen , Sarah Cassidy (2020). Understanding Suicide Risk in Autistic Adults: Comparing the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in Autistic and Non-autistic Samples . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3620-3637. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04393-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3010260927

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
55. George M. Slavich (2020). Social Safety Theory: A Biologically Based Evolutionary Perspective on Life Stress, Health, and Behavior . Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16(1), 265-295. Annual Reviews.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045159 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3010515129

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
56. Jonathan A. Weiss , Michelle A. Fardella (2018). Victimization and Perpetration Experiences of Adults With Autism . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 203-203. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00203 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2802963031

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
57. Jinan Zeidan , Éric Fombonne , Julie Scorah , Alaa T. Ibrahim , Maureen S. Durkin , Shekhar Saxena et al. (2022). Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update . Autism Research, 15(5), 778-790. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2696 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4214849391

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
58. E. Guzman Torres , A. Krause-Utz , M. Sack (2023). Predictors of complex PTSD: the role of trauma characteristics, dissociation, and comorbid psychopathology . Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 10(1), 1-1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s40479-022-00208-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4313489502

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
59. Matthias A. Reinhard , Julia Dewald-Kaufmann , Torsten Wüstenberg , Richard Musil , Barbara B. Barton , Andrea Jobst et al. (2020). The vicious circle of social exclusion and psychopathology: a systematic review of experimental ostracism research in psychiatric disorders . European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 270(5), 521-532. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01074-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2978747888

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
60. Elizabeth M. Radulski (2022). Conceptualising Autistic Masking, Camouflaging, and Neurotypical Privilege: Towards a Minority Group Model of Neurodiversity . Human Development, 66(2), 113-127. S. Karger AG.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1159/000524122 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4287738988

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
61. Dante Cicchetti , Sheree L. Toth (1997). Developmental perspectives on trauma: Theory, research, and intervention.

    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3041160820

    OpenAlex
62. Peter Mitchell , Elizabeth Sheppard , Sarah Cassidy (2021). Autism and the double empathy problem: Implications for development and mental health . British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 39(1), 1-18. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12350 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3119501104

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
63. Razia S. Sahi , Naomi I. Eisenberger (2021). The Neural Basis of Mentalizing . In The Neural Basis of Mentalizing (pp. 613). Springer International Publishing.

    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51890-5_32 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3163401487

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
64. Marshall C. (n.d.). The unbearable heartache of rejection sensitive dysphoria. Reframing Autism. https://reframingautism.org.au/the-unbearable-heartache-of-rejection-sensitive-dysphoria

    Type: Other

    Crossref
65. Emily F. Rothman , Laura Graham Holmes , Reid Caplan *Autistic author. Learn more… , Melody Chiang , Brandy Haberer , Nick Gallop et al. (2022). Healthy Relationships on the Autism Spectrum (HEARTS): A feasibility test of an online class co-designed and co-taught with autistic people . Autism, 26(3), 690-702. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211069421 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4205822398

    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
66. Benjamin A. Tabak , Drishtant Gupta , Cecile S. Sunahara , Talha Alvi , Zachary Wallmark , Junghee Lee et al. (2022). Environmental sensitivity predicts interpersonal sensitivity above and beyond Big Five personality traits . Journal of Research in Personality, 98, 104210. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104210 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4214568129

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
67. Roger K. Pitman , Scott P. Orr (1986). Test of the conditioning model of neurosis: Differential aversive conditioning of angry and neutral facial expressions in anxiety disorder patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(3), 208-213. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037//0021-843x.95.3.208 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4235141651

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
68. Lawrence S. Sugiyama (2001). Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind . American Journal of Human Biology, 13(1), 85-87. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/1520-6300(200101/02)13:1<85::aid-ajhb1013>3.3.co;2-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4236630383

    OpenAlex
69. Annabel Rowney-Smith , Beth S. Sutton *Autistic author. Learn more… , Lisa Quadt , Jessica Eccles (2024). The lived experience of rejection sensitivity in ADHD - a qualitative exploration . medRxiv. openRxiv.

    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.1101/2024.11.16.24317418 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4404469975

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
70. Peristeri E. (2014). International psychological applications conference and trends proceedings (InPact) . International psychological applications conference and trends proceedings (InPact), 62.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
71. Stemler S. E. (2004). A comparison of consensus consistency and measurement approaches to estimating interrater reliability. University of Massachusetts Amherst. https://doi.org/10 . 7275/96JP-XZ07

    Type: Other

    Crossref
72. (n.d.). Weller G. (2023 October 10). Rejection sensitive dysphoria and its connection to Autism. The Unmasked Autistic. https://theunmaskedautistic.com/rejection-sensitive-dysphoria-and-its-connection-to-autism/

    Type: Other

    Crossref