The Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview: Development and preliminary validation of a modified clinical interview for the assessment of suicidal thoughts and behavior in autistic adults

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Hedley, D., Williams, Z. J., Deady, M., Batterham, P. J., Bury, S. M., Brown, C. M., Robinson, J., Trollor, J. N., Uljarević, M., & Stokes, M. A. (2024). The Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview: Development and preliminary validation of a modified clinical interview for the assessment of suicidal thoughts and behavior in autistic adults. Autism, 29(3), 766-787. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241289493

Publication date: 19 Oct 2024 Added to AutiHub: 7 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
OpenAlex source Publisher source (DOI) Full text

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
10
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 10 (10.0%)
  1. Darren Hedley
  2. Zachary J. Williams *
  3. Mark Deady
  4. Philip J. Batterham
  5. Simon M. Bury
  1. Claire M Brown
  2. Jo Robinson
  3. Julian N Trollor
  4. Mirko Uljarević
  5. Mark A. Stokes

Abstract

The increased prevalence of suicide among autistic people highlights the need for validated clinical suicide screening and assessment instruments that are accessible and meet the unique language and communication needs of this population. We describe the preliminary preregistered psychometric validation of the Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview, in a sample of 98 autistic adults (58% women, 34% men, 7% nonbinary; M AGE = 41.65, SD = 12.96). A four-item negative affect score derived from the Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview demonstrated adequate reliability (ω = 0.796, BCa 95% confidence interval = [0.706, 0.857]), as well as good convergent validity with related measures. Ordinal Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview “categories” (1–5) demonstrated divergent validity ( r s = −0.067 to 0.081) and good convergent validity, strongly correlating with mental health ( r s = 0.446 to 0.744) and suicide assessment instruments ( r s = 0.576 to 0.696). Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview categories showed strong ability to predict participants identified by clinicians as “above low risk” of future suicide attempt (area under the curve = 0.887, posterior Mdn = 0.889, 95% credible interval = [0.810, 0.954], P AUC > 0.8 = 0.976). Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview classifications > “Category 3” provided an observed sensitivity of 0.750 ( Mdn = 0.810, [0.669, 0.948], P Se > 0.8 = 0.544) and an observed specificity of 0.895 ( Mdn = 0.899, [0.833, 0.956], P Sp > 0.8 = 0.995) for “above low risk” status. Our findings indicate that the Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview is a psychometrically strong clinical assessment tool for suicidal behavior that can be validly administered to autistic adults without intellectual disability. Lay Abstract People with a diagnosis of autism are at increased risk of death by suicide. There is a need for clinical instruments that are adapted to the needs of autistic people. In this study, we modified and evaluated a clinical suicide interview (Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview) for use with autistic people who do not have an intellectual disability. Autistic people helped us to modify the original version of the instrument by improving the questions, providing explanations for difficult terms or concepts, and recommending that we use different rating scales. Our results support the use of Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview for assessing autistic adults without intellectual disability for suicidal thoughts and behavior. In the future, we will test how well Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified Interview works in clinical settings and with different clinical populations.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Bibliography inclusion overview

These indicators describe the cited bibliography imported for this publication. Cited-reference metrics use the cited-reference total as denominator. Cited-author metrics state whether they use all cited-author occurrences or only occurrences linked to authors already integrated in the AutiHub database. They use cached links between cited authors and authors integrated in the AutiHub database. Last computed: 16 Aug 2026 11:31.

Cited references
106
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
9 / 106 (8.5%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
17 / 546 (3.1%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 17 / 199 (8.5%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 8 / 426 (1.9%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
199 / 546 (36.4%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 115 / 426 (27.0%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
182 / 199 (91.5%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 182 / 546 (33.3%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 107 / 115 (93.0%).
3 cited bibliography entries could not be fully enriched from DOI metadata.
Crossref: not found (3)
  1. Edward J O'Connor , Bradley N. Gaynes , Burda Bu , Clare Williams , Whitlock Ep (2013). Screening for Suicide Risk in Primary Care: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force .
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W138897394
    OpenAlex
  2. González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4247665917
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Gabriele Masi , Silvia Scullin , Antonio Narzisi , Pietro Muratori , Marinella Paciello , Deborah Fabiani et al. (2020). Suicidal Ideation and Suicidal Attempts in Referred Adolescents with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder and Comorbid Bipolar Disorder: A Pilot Study . Brain Sciences, 10(10), 750. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100750 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3093230344
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. James W. Bodfish , Frank J. Symons , Dawn E. Parker , Mark H. Lewis (2000). Varieties of Repetitive Behavior in Autism: Comparisons to Mental Retardation . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 237-243. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1005596502855 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1577082455
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Samuel R. C. Arnold , Kitty‐Rose Foley , Ye In Hwang , Amanda L. Richdale , Mirko Uljarević , Lauren P. Lawson et al. (2019). Cohort profile: the Australian Longitudinal Study of Adults with Autism (ALSAA) . BMJ Open, 9(12), e030798. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030798 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2990453264
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Victoria Newell , Lucy Phillips , Chris Jones , Ellen Townsend , Caroline Richards , Sarah Cassidy (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of suicidality in autistic and possibly autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disability . Molecular Autism, 14(1), 12-12. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00544-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4324354182
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Lee J. Cronbach , Paul E. Meehl (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281-302. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/h0040957 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1964218847
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Samuel R. C. Arnold , Mirko Uljarević , Ye In Hwang , Amanda L. Richdale , Julian N Trollor , Lauren P. Lawson (2020). Brief Report: Psychometric Properties of the Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9) in Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(6), 2217-2225. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03947-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2919952195
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Dominique Makowski , Mattan S. Ben-Shachar , S. H. Annabel Chen , Daniel Lüdecke (2019). Indices of Effect Existence and Significance in the Bayesian Framework . Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2767. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02767 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2996229661
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Lisa M. Horowitz , Jeffrey A. Bridge , Stephen J. Teach , Elizabeth Ballard , Jennifer Klima , Donald L. Rosenstein et al. (2012). Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 166(12), 1170. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.1276 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1979187768
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Paige E. Cervantes , Annie Li , Katherine A. Sullivan , Dana E. M. Seag , Argelinda Baroni , Sarah M. Horwitz (2023). Assessing and Managing Suicide Risk in Autistic Youth: Findings from a Clinician Survey in a Pediatric Psychiatric Emergency Setting . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(5), 1755-1763. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05448-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4210483456
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Kurt Kroenke , Robert L Spitzer (2002). The PHQ-9: A New Depression Diagnostic and Severity Measure . Psychiatric Annals, 32(9), 509-515. SLACK, Inc..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3928/0048-5713-20020901-06 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1985329916
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Mary E. Bongiovi-Garcia , Jessica Merville , M. Goretti Almeida , Ainsley Burke , Steven Ellis , Barbara H. Stanley et al. (2009). Comparison of clinical and research assessments of diagnosis, suicide attempt history and suicidal ideation in major depression . Journal of Affective Disorders, 115(1-2), 183-188. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.07.026 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2145870570
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Bregje A. J. van Spijker , Philip J. Batterham , Alison L. Calear , Louise Farrer , Helen Christensen , Julia Reynolds et al. (2014). The Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale (SIDAS ): Community‐Based Validation Study of a New Scale for the Measurement of Suicidal Ideation . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(4), 408-419. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12084 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2011723239
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Matthew K. Nock , Elizabeth B. Holmberg , Valerie I. Photos , Bethany D. Michel (2007). Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview: Development, reliability, and validity in an adolescent sample. Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 309-317. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.309 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2003066807
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Claire M Brown , Victoria Newell , Ensu Sahin , Darren Hedley (2024). Updated Systematic Review of Suicide in Autism: 2018–2024 . Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 11(4), 225-256. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40474-024-00308-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4402498229
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Tatja Hirvikoski , Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz , Marcus Boman , Henrik Larsson , Paul Lichtenstein , Sven Bölte (2016). Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 232-238. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160192 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2168424072
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Paul-Christian Bürkner (2017). brms: An R Package for Bayesian Multilevel Models Using Stan . Journal of Statistical Software, 80(1), 1. Foundation for Open Access Statistic.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.18637/jss.v080.i01 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2749069611
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Kelly Posner , Gregory K. Brown , Barbara Stanley , David A. Brent , Kseniya V. Yershova , Maria A. Oquendo et al. (2011). The Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale: Initial Validity and Internal Consistency Findings From Three Multisite Studies With Adolescents and Adults . American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(12), 1266-1277. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111704 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2148083007
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Donald T. Campbell , Donald W. Fiske (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81-105. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/h0046016 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2024509488
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Paul-Christian Bürkner (2018). Advanced Bayesian Multilevel Modeling with the R Package brms . The R Journal, 10(1), 395. The R Foundation.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.32614/rj-2018-017 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766160192
    Crossref OpenCitations
  22. J. G. Liao , Vishal Midya , Arthur Berg (2021). Connecting and Contrasting the Bayes Factor and a Modified ROPE Procedure for Testing Interval Null Hypotheses . The American Statistician, 75(3), 256-264. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/00031305.2019.1701550 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2996576159
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Samuel B. Green , Yanyun Yang (2009). Reliability of Summed Item Scores Using Structural Equation Modeling: An Alternative to Coefficient Alpha . Psychometrika, 74(1), 155-167. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11336-008-9099-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2032743311
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Simon M. Bury , Rachel Jellett , Jennifer R. Spoor , Darren Hedley (2023). “It Defines Who I Am” or “It’s Something I Have”: What Language Do [Autistic] Australian Adults [on the Autism Spectrum] Prefer? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(2), 677-687. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04425-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3007056653
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Augustine Osman , Courtney L. Bagge , Peter M. Gutierrez , Lisa C. Konick , Beverly A. Kopper , Francisco X. Barrios (2001). The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R):Validation with Clinical and Nonclinical Samples . Assessment, 8(4), 443-454. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/107319110100800409 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2059715562
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Sadhbh Josephine Byrne , Eleanor Bailey , Michelle Lamblin , Jane Pirkis , Cathrine Mihalopoulos , Matthew J. Spittal et al. (2021). Study protocol for the Multimodal Approach to Preventing Suicide in Schools (MAPSS) project: A regionally-based trial of an integrated response to suicide risk among secondary school students. Research Square. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-518233/v1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3164199893
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Anne Huntjens , Annemiek Landlust , Sophie Wissenburg , Mark van der Gaag (2024). The Prevalence of Suicidal Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder . Crisis, 45(2), 144-153. Hogrefe Publishing Group.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000922 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386437826
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Daniel Lewandowski , Dorota Kurowicka , Harry Joe (2009). Generating random correlation matrices based on vines and extended onion method . Journal of Multivariate Analysis, 100(9), 1989-2001. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jmva.2009.04.008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2084045976
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Louise Camm-Crosbie , Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen , Sarah Cassidy (2019). ‘People like me don’t get support’: Autistic adults’ experiences of support and treatment for mental health difficulties, self-injury and suicidality . Autism, 23(6), 1431-1441. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318816053 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2902777586
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. L Quinlivan , J Cooper , S Steeg , L Davies , K Hawton , D Gunnell et al. (2014). Scales for predicting risk following self-harm: an observational study in 32 hospitals in England . BMJ Open, 4(5), e004732. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004732 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2107314415
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Bregje A.J. van Spijker , Annemieke van Straten , Ad J.F.M. Kerkhof , Nancy Hoeymans , Filip Smit (2011). Disability weights for suicidal thoughts and non-fatal suicide attempts . Journal of Affective Disorders, 134(1-3), 341-347. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.020 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2116212430
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Gregory Carter , Matthew J. Spittal (2018). Suicide Risk Assessment . Crisis, 39(4), 229-234. Hogrefe Publishing Group.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000558 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2810467006
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Mohamad M. Saab , Margaret Murphy , Elaine Meehan , Christina B. Dillon , Selena O’Connell , Josephine Hegarty et al. (2022). Suicide and Self-Harm Risk Assessment: A Systematic Review of Prospective Research . Archives of Suicide Research, 26(4), 1645-1665. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2021.1938321 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3174488781
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Matthew D. Hoffman , Andrew Gelman (2011). The No-U-Turn Sampler: Adaptively Setting Path Lengths in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo . J Mach Learn Res., 15, 1593. arXiv.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1111.4246 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2129728285 Crossref: not found
    OpenAlex
  36. Sarah Cassidy , L. Bradley , E. Bowen , Sarah Wigham , Jacqui Rodgers (2018). Measurement properties of tools used to assess suicidality in autistic and general population adults: A systematic review . Clinical Psychology Review, 62, 56-70. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2800246475
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. L. O'Halloran , P. Coey , Colin Wilson (2022). Suicidality in autistic youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Clinical Psychology Review, 93, 102144. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102144 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4221063598
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Sarah Cassidy , Louise Bradley , Heather Cogger-Ward , Jacqui Rodgers (2021). Development and validation of the suicidal behaviours questionnaire - autism spectrum conditions in a community sample of autistic, possibly autistic and non-autistic adults . Molecular Autism, 12(1), 46. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00449-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3167453398
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Sarah Cassidy , Louise Bradley , Heather Cogger-Ward , Rebecca Shaw , Erica Bowen , Magdalena Glod et al. (2020). Measurement Properties of the Suicidal Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised in Autistic Adults . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3477-3488. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04431-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3009427646
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Mirko Uljarević , Darren Hedley , Kitty‐Rose Foley , Iliana Magiati , Ru Ying Cai , Cheryl Dissanayake et al. (2020). Anxiety and Depression from Adolescence to Old Age in Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(9), 3155-3165. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04084-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2952181385
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Sarah Cassidy , Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen (2018). Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults . Molecular Autism, 9(1), 42. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2887488849
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. E. David Klonsky , Mikayla C. Pachkowski , Arezoo Shahnaz , Alexis M. May (2021). The three-step theory of suicide: Description, evidence, and some useful points of clarification . Preventive Medicine, 152(Pt 1), 106549. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106549 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3200866466
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Lorcan Kenny , Caroline Hattersley , Bonnie Molins , Carole Buckley , Carol Povey , Elizabeth Pellicano (2016). Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community . Autism, 20(4), 442-462. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315588200 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2227393071
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Paige E Cervantes , Derek S Brown , Sarah M Horwitz (2023). Suicidal ideation and intentional self-inflicted injury in autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability: An examination of trends in youth emergency department visits in the United States from 2006 to 2014 . Autism, 27(1), 226-243. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613221091316 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281388106
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Brenna B. Maddox , Andrea Trubanova , Susan W. White (2017). Untended wounds: Non-suicidal self-injury in adults with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 21(4), 412-422. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316644731 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2380785725
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. L Quinlivan , J Cooper , L Davies , K Hawton , D Gunnell , N Kapur (2016). Which are the most useful scales for predicting repeat self-harm? A systematic review evaluating risk scales using measures of diagnostic accuracy . BMJ Open, 6(2), e009297. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009297 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2269496654
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Paige E. Cervantes , Lawrence A. Palinkas , Greta R. Conlon , Shira Richards-Rachlin , Katherine A. Sullivan , Argelinda Baroni et al. (2025). Improving Emergency Department Care for Suicidality in Autism: Perspectives from Autistic Youth, Caregivers, and Clinicians . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 55(8), 2820-2833. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06364-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4399239633
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Joseph C. Franklin , Jessica D. Ribeiro , Kathryn R. Fox , Kate H. Bentley , Evan M. Kleiman , Xieyining Huang et al. (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(2), 187-232. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/bul0000084 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2554980225
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. R Core Team (2026). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing . R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.32614/r.manuals OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2582743722
    OpenAlex
  50. Deady M. Ross J. Darke S. (2015). Suicide Assessment Kit (SAK): A comprehensive assessment and policy development package. National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/suicide-assessment-kit
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  51. Mark Olfson , Melanie Wall , Shuai Wang , Stephen Crystal , Tobias Gerhard , Carlos Blanco (2017). Suicide Following Deliberate Self-Harm . American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(8), 765-774. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16111288 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2602793133
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Department of Health. (2010). Working with the suicidal person: Clinical practice guidelines for emergency departments and mental health services. Victorian Government. https://www.health.vic.gov.au/practice-and-service-quality/suicide-risk-assessment
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  53. Ivan W. Miller , Carlos A. Camargo , Sarah A. Arias , Ashley F. Sullivan , Michael H. Allen , Amy B. Goldstein et al. (2017). Suicide Prevention in an Emergency Department Population . JAMA Psychiatry, 74(6), 563. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0678 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2607835920
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Aubrey R. Dueweke , Ana J. Bridges (2018). Suicide interventions in primary care: A selective review of the evidence. Families, Systems, & Health, 36(3), 289-302. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/fsh0000349 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2806792979
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. Mark Olfson , Melanie Wall , Shuai Wang , Stephen Crystal , Jeffrey A. Bridge , Shang-Min Liu et al. (2018). Suicide After Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescents and Young Adults . Pediatrics, 141(4). American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-3517 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2793033927
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Ileana Rossetti , Paolo Brambilla , Costanza Papagno (2018). Metaphor Comprehension in Schizophrenic Patients . Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 670-670. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00670 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2799857978
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. Brittany N. Hand , Teal Benevides , Henry J. Carretta (2020). Suicidal Ideation and Self-inflicted Injury in Medicare Enrolled Autistic Adults With and Without Co-occurring Intellectual Disability . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3489-3495. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04345-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2995082708
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Annabelle M. Mournet , Ellen Wilkinson , Vanessa Bal , Evan M. Kleiman (2023). A systematic review of predictors of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among autistic adults: Making the case for the role of social connection as a protective factor . Clinical Psychology Review, 99, 102235. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102235 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4310260807
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. Paul A. Harris , Robert Taylor , Brenda L. Minor , Veida Elliott , Michelle Fernandez , Lindsay O'Neal et al. (2019). The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners . Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 95, 103208. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2944434778
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. John F. Strang , Laura G. Anthony , Amber Y. Song , Meng-Chuan Lai , Megan Knauss , Eleonora Sadikova et al. (2023). In Addition to Stigma: Cognitive and Autism-Related Predictors of Mental Health in Transgender Adolescents . Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 52(2), 212-229. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1916940 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3167599807
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Darren Hedley , Mirko Uljarević , Kitty‐Rose Foley , Amanda L. Richdale , Julian N Trollor (2018). Risk and protective factors underlying depression and suicidal ideation in Autism Spectrum Disorder . Depression and Anxiety, 35(7), 648-657. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/da.22759 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2802741176
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Hawgood J. De-Leo D. (2018). STARS—Screening tool for assessing risk of suicide. Griffith University. https://www.griffith.edu.au/griffith-health/australian-institute-suicide-research-prevention/screening-tool-for-assessing-risk-of-suicide
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  64. Jacinta Hawgood , Tamara Ownsworth , Helen Mason , Susan H. Spence , Ella Arensman , Diego De Leo (2022). A Pilot Study of Clinicians' Perceptions of Feasibility, Client-Centeredness, and Usability of the Systematic Tailored Assessment for Responding to Suicidality Protocol . Crisis, 43(6), 523-530. Hogrefe Publishing Group.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000796 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3176788395
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Darren Hedley , Philip J. Batterham , Simon M. Bury , Angela Clapperton , Kathleen Denney , Cheryl Dissanayake et al. (2023). The Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale-Modified (SIDAS-M): Development and preliminary validation of a new scale for the measurement of suicidal ideation in autistic adults . Autism, 27(4), 1115-1131. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613221131234 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4306160854
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Darren Hedley , Susan Hayward , Alison Clarke , Mirko Uljarević , Mark A. Stokes (2022). Suicide and Autism: A Lifespan Perspective . In End of Life and People with Intellectual and Developmental Disability (pp. 59-94). Springer International Publishing.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-98697-1_3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3183358544
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. Jessica M. Schwartzman , Rachael A Muscatello , Blythe A. Corbett (2023). Assessing suicidal thoughts and behaviors and nonsuicidal self-injury in autistic and non-autistic early adolescents using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale . Autism, 27(8), 2310-2323. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231162154 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4365444184
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  68. Darren Hedley , Susan Hayward , Kathleen Denney , Mirko Uljarević , Simon M. Bury , Ensu Sahin et al. (2021). The association between COVID ‐19, personal wellbeing, depression, and suicide risk factors in Australian autistic adults . Autism Research, 14(12), 2663-2676. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2614 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3200644286
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  69. Allison Schuck , Raffaella Calati , Shira Barzilay , Sarah Bloch‐Elkouby , Igor Galynker (2019). Suicide Crisis Syndrome: A review of supporting evidence for a new suicide‐specific diagnosis . Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 37(3), 223-239. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2397 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2923505983
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. (n.d.). Hedley D. Williams Z. J. Deady M. Bury S. Uljarevic M. Batterham P. Stokes M. A. (2023 January 24). OSF Registration: The Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified (SAK-M): Development and Validation of a Modified Tool for Assessing Suicidality in Autistic Adults. Center for Open Science. https://doi.org/10 . 17605/OSF. IO/K9BSG
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  71. Meng-Chuan Lai , Caroline Kassee , Richard Besney , Sarah Bonato , Laura Hull , Will Mandy et al. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis . The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 819-829. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30289-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2936336589
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  73. Joel Stoddard , Elizabeth K. Reynolds , Ruth Paris , Simone Haller , Sara Johnson , Jodi Zik et al. (2021). The Coronavirus Impact Scale: Construction, Validation, and Comparisons in Diverse Clinical Samples . Center for Open Science.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/kz4pg OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3164301733
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  74. Hoffman M. D. Gelman A. (2014). The no-U-turn sampler: Adaptively setting path lengths in Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. Journal of Machine Learning Research 15 1593–1623. https://www.jmlr.org/papers/volume15/hoffman14a/hoffman14a.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  75. Maximilian Linde , Jorge N. Tendeiro , Ravi Selker , Eric-Jan Wagenmakers , Don van Ravenzwaaij (2023). Decisions about equivalence: A comparison of TOST, HDI-ROPE, and the Bayes factor. Psychological Methods, 28(3), 740-755. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/met0000402 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3104606175
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  76. Josue E. Rodriguez , Donald R. Williams (2022). Bayesian Bootstrapped Correlation Coefficients . The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 18(1), 39-54. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.20982/tqmp.18.1.p039 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4214946372
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  77. SH Lovibond , PF Lovibond , S. H. Lovibond , PF Lovibond (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. 2 . Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2955473053
    Crossref OpenAlex
  78. Thomas Joiner (2007). Why People Die by Suicide . Harvard University Press.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvjghv2f OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1821332335
    Crossref OpenCitations
  79. Ulrich Schimmack (2021). The Validation Crisis in Psychology . Meta-Psychology, 5. Linnaeus University.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.15626/mp.2019.1645 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3135512811
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  80. (n.d.). The Joint Commission. (2019 November 20). R3 report: Requirement rationale reference. https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/standards/r3-reports/r3_18_suicide_prevention_hap_bhc_cah_11_4_19_final1.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  81. Elina Jokiranta-Olkoniemi , David Gyllenberg , Dan Sucksdorff , Auli Suominen , Kim Kronström , Roshan Chudal et al. (2021). Risk for Premature Mortality and Intentional Self-harm in Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(9), 3098-3108. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04768-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3097778051
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  82. Mirko Uljarević , Emily K. Spackman , Andrew Whitehouse , Thomas Frazier , Wesley Billingham , Patrick Condron et al. (2023). Arriving at the empirically based conceptualization of restricted and repetitive behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analytic examination of factor analyses . Clinical Psychology Review, 103, 102286. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102286 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4376636000
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  83. Anne V. Kirby , Caitlin M. Conner , Carla A. Mazefsky (2024). Are autistic females at greater risk of suicide? A call for clarity to advance suicide prevention for the whole community . Autism Research, 17(5), 898-905. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.3120 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4392346356
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  84. Rachel Moseley * , Nicola Gregory , Paula Smith , Carrie Allison , Simon Baron-Cohen (2020). Links between self-injury and suicidality in autism . Molecular Autism, 11(1), 14-14. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-0319-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3005552451
    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  85. (n.d.). Kurz A. S. (2022 December 11). Bayesian robust correlations with BRMS (and why you should love Student’s t). https://solomonkurz.netlify.app/blog/2019-02-10-bayesian-robust-correlations-with-brms-and-why-you-should-love-student-s-t/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  87. Damian F Santomauro , Darren Hedley , Ensu Sahin , Traolach Brugha , Mohsen Naghavi , Theo Vos et al. (2024). The global burden of suicide mortality among people on the autism spectrum: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and extension of estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 . Psychiatry Research, 341, 116150. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116150 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4401750101
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  88. Shin Ho Park , Yun Ju C. Song , Eleni A. Demetriou , Karen L. Pepper , Emma E. Thomas , Ian B. Hickie et al. (2020). Validation of the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder . Psychiatry Research, 291, 113300. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113300 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3042075371
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  89. Jacinta Hawgood , Diego De Leo (2018). STARS Screening Tool for assessing risk of suicide .
    Type: Book OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3082422744
    OpenAlex
  90. Suzanne Rybczynski , Taylor C. Ryan , Holly C. Wilcox , Kathryn Van Eck , Mary Cwik , Roma A. Vasa et al. (2022). Suicide Risk Screening in Pediatric Outpatient Neurodevelopmental Disabilities Clinics . Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 43(4), 181-187. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001026 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3206883187
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  91. Rebecca Zwick , Roderick P. McDonald (2000). Test Theory: A Unified Treatment . Journal of the American Statistical Association, 95(451), 1012. JSTOR.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2307/2669496 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3098349105
    OpenAlex
  92. Hillary K. Schiltz , Zachary J. Williams * , Shuting Zheng , Elizabeth A. Kaplan‐Kahn , Hannah E. Morton * , Kashia A Rosenau et al. (2023). Measurement Matters: A Commentary on the State of the Science on Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) in Autism Research . Center for Open Science.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/k5wtc OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4366503594
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  93. McDonald R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment . Test theory: A unified treatment.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  94. Annabelle M. Mournet , Vanessa Bal , Evan M. Kleiman (2024). Concordance Between the Ask Suicide Screening Questions (ASQ) and Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview-Self Report (SITBI-SR) Among Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults . Archives of Suicide Research, 28(3), 905-916. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2023.2252027 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386253782
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  95. Mirko Uljarević , Darren Hedley , Ru Ying Cai , Antonio Y. Hardan , Mikle South (2020). Anxiety and Depression from Adolescence to Old Age in Autism Spectrum Disorder . Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders, 1-13. Springer New York.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102432-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3185732019
    Crossref OpenCitations
  96. O’Connor E. (2013). O’Connor E., Gaynes B., Burda B. U., Williams C., Whitlock E. P. (2013). Screening for suicide risk in primary care: A systematic evidence review for the U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Screening for suicide risk in primary care: A systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  98. R Core Team. (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  99. Richdale A. L. Haschek A. Chetcuti L. Lawson L. (2022). Longitudinal study of Australian school leavers with autism (SASLA): Final report. https://www.autismcrc.com.au/knowledge-centre/reports/SASLA
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  100. Stoddard J. Kaufman J. (2020). Coronavirus Impact Scale. https://www.phenxtoolkit.org/toolkit_content/PDF/CIS_Stoddard.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  101. Zachary J. Williams * , Robyn Himelstein , Carla A. Mazefsky , Katherine Gotham (2024). Psychometric Evaluation of the Suicidal Thoughts and Urges Questionnaire (STUQ): A Brief Self-report Measure of Suicidal Ideation for Use in Autistic and Non-autistic Adults . Unpublished.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.29683.34083 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W6885122477 Crossref: not found
    OpenAlex
  102. Zachary J. Williams * (2024). ZPack.Bayes: R functions to perform general-purpose Bayesian estimation and hypothesis testing using brms . OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints). OSF.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.17605/osf.io/9kx58 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W6925177184
    OpenAlex
  103. Mark A. Stokes , Mark Deady , Mirko Uljarević , Simon M. Bury , Philip J. Batterham , Darren Hedley et al. (2023). The Suicide Assessment Kit-Modified (SAK-M): Development and Validation of a Modified Tool for Assessing Suicidality in Autistic Adults . Open Science Framework. OSF Registries.
    Type: Registration DOI: 10.17605/osf.io/k9bsg OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W6943754165 Crossref: not found
    OpenAlex
  104. Williams Z. J. (2020). BayesianTools: R functions to perform general-purpose Bayesian estimation and hypothesis testing using brms. https://doi.org/10 . 13140/RG. 2. 2. 26089. 31845/3
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  105. Williams Z. J. (2024). ZPack. Bayes: R functions to perform general-purpose Bayesian estimation and hypothesis testing using brms [R]. Center for Open Science. https://doi.org/10 . 17605/OSF. IO/9KX58
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  106. (n.d.). Williams Z. J. Himelstein R. Mazefsky C. A. Gotham K. (2024 May 15–18). Psychometric evaluation of the suicidal thoughts and urges questionnaire (STUQ): A brief self-report measure of suicidal ideation for use in autistic and non-autistic adults. Annual meeting of the International Society for Autism Research (INSAR) Melbourne VIC Australia. https://doi.org/10 . 13140/RG. 2. 2. 29683. 34083
    Type: Other
    Crossref