Elevated Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Autistic Youth and Adults: A Multinational Study

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Schwartzman, J. M., McMorris, C. A., Brown, C. M., Trollor, J. N., Uljarević, M., Stokes, M. A., Williams, Z. J., & Hedley, D. (2025). Elevated Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Autistic Youth and Adults: A Multinational Study. Autism in Adulthood. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2024.0225

Publication date: 13 Mar 2025 Added to AutiHub: 7 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
OpenAlex source Publisher source (DOI)

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
8
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 8 (12.5%)
  1. Jessica M. Schwartzman
  2. Carly A. McMorris
  3. Claire M Brown
  4. Julian N Trollor
  1. Mirko Uljarević
  2. Mark A. Stokes
  3. Zachary J. Williams *
  4. Darren Hedley

Abstract

Background:Autistic people are at significant risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). We examined STB and NSSI in different age-groups, considering sex- and age-based effects, in a pooled multinational sample of English-speaking autistic children and adults. Methods:We administered the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale to 245 autistic people without intellectual disability (139 youth and 106 adults; 46.1% female sex; Mage = 24.8, SDage = 16.3 years, range = 7–70) or their caregivers in Australia, Canada, and the United States. The study samples were enriched with autistic people experiencing depression and suicidality. Results:Most participants (87.8%) reported suicidal ideation and NSSI (56.3%). Nearly one-third of autistic people (31.0%) reported a lifetime suicide attempt (M = 2.9 attempts; range = 1–26); overdosing was the most common method of suicide attempt. Sex was not a significant risk factor for suicidal ideation, behavior, or NSSI. Increases in lifetime suicidal ideation were observed across older age-groups, with those aged over 18 years reporting more severe and longer-lasting ideation than in children or adolescents. The youngest age of suicide attempt was 7 years in this sample, and the average ages of first/initial, most lethal, and most recent suicide attempts in youth (n = 24) and adults (n = 42) were 16.6, 19.2, and 20.8 years old, respectively. Conclusion:Regardless of age-group, autistic people across the lifespan constitute a high-priority group for suicide prevention strategies, development of appropriate assessments, and evaluation of system-level programs that effectively address the problem of preventable death by suicide.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Bibliography inclusion overview

These indicators describe the cited bibliography imported for this publication. Cited-reference metrics use the cited-reference total as denominator. Cited-author metrics state whether they use all cited-author occurrences or only occurrences linked to authors already integrated in the AutiHub database. They use cached links between cited authors and authors integrated in the AutiHub database. Last computed: 16 Aug 2026 11:31.

Cited references
78
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
7 / 78 (9.0%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
9 / 403 (2.2%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 9 / 130 (6.9%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 6 / 344 (1.7%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
130 / 403 (32.3%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 83 / 344 (24.1%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
121 / 130 (93.1%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 121 / 403 (30.0%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 77 / 83 (92.8%).
1 cited bibliography entry could not be fully enriched from DOI metadata.
Crossref: not found (1)
  1. Keith Hawton , Carolina Casañas i Comabella , Camilla Haw , Kate Saunders (2013). Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: A systematic review . Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1-3), 17-28. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2010632490
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Anne Huntjens , Annemiek Landlust , Sophie Wissenburg , Mark van der Gaag (2024). The Prevalence of Suicidal Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder . Crisis, 45(2), 144-153. Hogrefe Publishing Group.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000922 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386437826
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Susan W. White , Amie R. Schry , Brenna B. Maddox (2012). Brief Report: The Assessment of Anxiety in High-Functioning Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(6), 1138-1145. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1353-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2027534761
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Victoria Newell , Lucy Phillips , Chris Jones , Ellen Townsend , Caroline Richards , Sarah Cassidy (2023). A systematic review and meta-analysis of suicidality in autistic and possibly autistic people without co-occurring intellectual disability . Molecular Autism, 14(1), 12-12. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00544-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4324354182
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Kelly Posner , Gregory K. Brown , Barbara Stanley , David A. Brent , Kseniya V. Yershova , Maria A. Oquendo et al. (2011). The Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale: Initial Validity and Internal Consistency Findings From Three Multisite Studies With Adolescents and Adults . American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(12), 1266-1277. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111704 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2148083007
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. L. O'Halloran , P. Coey , Colin Wilson (2022). Suicidality in autistic youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Clinical Psychology Review, 93, 102144. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102144 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4221063598
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Tatja Hirvikoski , Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz , Marcus Boman , Henrik Larsson , Paul Lichtenstein , Sven Bölte (2016). Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(3), 232-238. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.160192 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2168424072
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Damian F Santomauro , Darren Hedley , Ensu Sahin , Traolach Brugha , Mohsen Naghavi , Theo Vos et al. (2024). The global burden of suicide mortality among people on the autism spectrum: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and extension of estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 . Psychiatry Research, 341, 116150. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116150 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4401750101
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Cathy Spatz Widom (2019). Are Retrospective Self-reports Accurate Representations or Existential Recollections? JAMA Psychiatry, 76(6), 567. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4599 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2924793511
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Aki Vehtari , Andrew Gelman , Jonah Gabry (2017). Practical Bayesian model evaluation using leave-one-out cross-validation and WAIC . Statistics and Computing, 27(5), 1413-1432. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11222-016-9696-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2203714058
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Bob Carpenter , Andrew Gelman , Matthew D. Hoffman , Daniel Lee , Ben Goodrich , Michael Betancourt et al. (2017). Stan: A Probabilistic Programming Language . Journal of Statistical Software, 76(1). Foundation for Open Access Statistic.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.18637/jss.v076.i01 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2577537660
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. the STOP consortium , I. Flamarique , P. Santosh , Celso Arango , Celso Arango , D. Purper-Ouakil et al. (2016). Development and psychometric properties of the Suicidality: Treatment Occurring in Paediatrics (STOP) Suicidality Assessment Scale (STOP-SAS) in children and adolescents . BMC Pediatrics, 16(1), 213-213. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s12887-016-0751-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2561918537
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Anne V. Kirby , Amanda V. Bakian , Yue Zhang , Deborah A. Bilder , Brooks R. Keeshin , Hilary Coon (2019). A 20‐year study of suicide death in a statewide autism population . Autism Research, 12(4), 658-666. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2076 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2911505910
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Kairi Kõlves , Cecilie Fitzgerald , Merete Nordentoft , Stephen James Wood , Annette Erlangsen (2021). Assessment of Suicidal Behaviors Among Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Denmark . JAMA Network Open, 4(1), e2033565. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33565 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3119137758
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Ian H. Steele , Natasha Thrower , Paul Noroian , Fabian M. Saleh (2018). Understanding Suicide Across the Lifespan: A United States Perspective of Suicide Risk Factors, Assessment & Management . Journal of Forensic Sciences, 63(1), 162-171. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13519 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2630555573
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Yuling Yao , Aki Vehtari , Daniel Simpson , Andrew Gelman (2018). Using Stacking to Average Bayesian Predictive Distributions (with Discussion) . Bayesian Analysis, 13(3), 917. Institute of Mathematical Statistics.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1214/17-ba1091 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2605947465
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Yael Goldfarb , Osnat Zafrani , Darren Hedley , Maya Yaari , Eynat Gal (2021). Autistic adults’ subjective experiences of hoarding and self-injurious behaviors . Autism, 25(5), 1457-1468. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361321992640 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3132444367
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Madeleine Allman , Sophie Kerr , Carmelo Ismael Roldan , Geri Maria Harris , Gerald E. Harris (2024). Comorbid autism spectrum disorder and borderline personality disorder: case conceptualization and treatment implications . Advances in Autism, 10(3), 149-162. Emerald.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1108/aia-02-2024-0013 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4399779216
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Liliana Dell’Osso , Ivan Mirko Cremone , Benedetta Nardi , Valeria Tognini , Lucrezia Castellani , Paola Perrone et al. (2023). Comorbidity and Overlaps between Autism Spectrum and Borderline Personality Disorder: State of the Art . Brain Sciences, 13(6), 862. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060862 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4378527940
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Evan M Kleiman , Matthew K Nock (2018). Real-time assessment of suicidal thoughts and behaviors . Current Opinion in Psychology, 22, 33-37. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.026 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2737155082
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Rachel Moseley * , Nicola Gregory , Paula Smith , Carrie Allison , Simon Baron-Cohen (2020). Links between self-injury and suicidality in autism . Molecular Autism, 11(1), 14-14. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-0319-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3005552451
    AutiHub · Autistic Scholars Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Will Mandy , Meng-Chuan Lai (2017). Towards sex- and gender-informed autism research . Autism, 21(6), 643-645. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317706904 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2740409205
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Sarah Cassidy , Louise Bradley , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen (2018). Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults . Molecular Autism, 9(1), 42. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2887488849
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Juliette Bouzy , Julie Brunelle , David Cohen , Agnès Condat (2023). Transidentities and autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review . Psychiatry Research, 323, 115176. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115176 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4361218050
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Paul-Christian Bürkner (2017). brms: An R Package for Bayesian Multilevel Models Using Stan . Journal of Statistical Software, 80(1), 1. Foundation for Open Access Statistic.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.18637/jss.v080.i01 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2749069611
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Darren Hedley , Mirko Uljarević , Ru Ying Cai , Simon M. Bury , Mark A. Stokes , David W. Evans (2021). Domains of the autism phenotype, cognitive control, and rumination as transdiagnostic predictors of DSM-5 suicide risk . PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245562. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245562 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3124007595
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Jane Summers , Ali Shahrami , Stefanie Cali , Chantelle D’Mello , Milena Kako , Andjelka Palikucin-Reljin et al. (2017). Self-Injury in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability: Exploring the Role of Reactivity to Pain and Sensory Input . Brain Sciences, 7(11), 140. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7110140 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2765658213
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Lisa De Luca , Massimiliano Pastore , Benedetta Emanuela Palladino , Birgit Reime , Patrick Warth , Ersilia Menesini (2023). The development of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) during adolescence: A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis . Journal of Affective Disorders, 339, 648-659. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.091 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4384808087
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Annabelle M. Mournet , John K. Kellerman , Roscoe C. Garner , Evan M. Kleiman (2024). Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Autistic Transgender or Gender-Nonconforming US College Students . JAMA Network Open, 7(10), e2438345. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.38345 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4403245336
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Samuel R. C. Arnold , Kitty‐Rose Foley , Ye In Hwang , Amanda L. Richdale , Mirko Uljarević , Lauren P. Lawson et al. (2019). Cohort profile: the Australian Longitudinal Study of Adults with Autism (ALSAA) . BMJ Open, 9(12), e030798. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030798 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2990453264
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Andrea Miranda-Mendizabal , Pere Castellví , Oleguer Parés-Badell , Itxaso Alayo , José Almenara , Iciar Alonso et al. (2019). Gender differences in suicidal behavior in adolescents and young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies . International Journal of Public Health, 64(2), 265-283. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00038-018-1196-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2909582016
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Mirabel Pelton , Hayley Crawford , Ashley Robertson , Jacqui Rodgers , Simon Baron-Cohen , Sarah Cassidy (2020). Understanding Suicide Risk in Autistic Adults: Comparing the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in Autistic and Non-autistic Samples . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3620-3637. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04393-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3010260927
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Gareth Richards , Rebecca Kenny , Sarah Griffiths , Carrie Allison , David Mosse , Rosemary Holt et al. (2019). Autistic traits in adults who have attempted suicide . Molecular Autism, 10(1), 26-26. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0274-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2948346366
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. E.N. Belitser , N. Nurushev (n.d.). Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam).
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2922826800
    OpenAlex
  38. Claire M Brown , Victoria Newell , Ensu Sahin , Darren Hedley (2024). Updated Systematic Review of Suicide in Autism: 2018–2024 . Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 11(4), 225-256. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40474-024-00308-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4402498229
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Sven Bölte , Janina Neufeld , Peter B. Marschik , Zachary J. Williams * , Louise Gallagher , Meng-Chuan Lai (2023). Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions . Nature Reviews Neurology, 19(3), 136-159. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00774-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4319334505
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Meng-Chuan Lai , Caroline Kassee , Richard Besney , Sarah Bonato , Laura Hull , Will Mandy et al. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis . The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 819-829. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30289-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2936336589
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Casey J. Zampella , Leah A. L. Wang , Margaret Haley , Anne G. Hutchinson , Ashley de Marchena (2021). Motor Skill Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Clinically Focused Review . Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(10), 64-64. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01280-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3191216082
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Paul A. Harris , Robert Taylor , Brenda L. Minor , Veida Elliott , Michelle Fernandez , Lindsay O'Neal et al. (2019). The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners . Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 95, 103208. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103208 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2944434778
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Blythe A. Corbett , Simon Vandekar , Rachael A. Muscatello , Yasas Tanguturi (2020). Pubertal Timing During Early Adolescence: Advanced Pubertal Onset in Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Autism Research, 13(12), 2202-2215. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2406 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3092377652
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Annette Erlangsen , Anna Lund Jacobsen , Anne Ranning , Alex Lauridsen Delamare , Merete Nordentoft , Morten Frisch (2023). Transgender Identity and Suicide Attempts and Mortality in Denmark . JAMA, 329(24), 2145. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.8627 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4382182095
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Anne V. Kirby , Caitlin M. Conner , Carla A. Mazefsky (2024). Are autistic females at greater risk of suicide? A call for clarity to advance suicide prevention for the whole community . Autism Research, 17(5), 898-905. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.3120 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4392346356
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Jessica M. Schwartzman , Rachael A Muscatello , Blythe A. Corbett (2023). Assessing suicidal thoughts and behaviors and nonsuicidal self-injury in autistic and non-autistic early adolescents using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale . Autism, 27(8), 2310-2323. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613231162154 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4365444184
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Carla B. Kalvin , Carolyn L. Marsh , Karim Ibrahim , Theresa R. Gladstone , Diana Woodward , Heidi Grantz et al. (2020). Discrepancies between parent and child ratings of anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder . Autism Research, 13(1), 93-103. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2220 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2981625331
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Miriam I. Martini , Ralf Kuja-Halkola , Agnieszka Butwicka , Ebba Du Rietz , Brian M. D’Onofrio , Francesca Happé et al. (2022). Sex Differences in Mental Health Problems and Psychiatric Hospitalization in Autistic Young Adults . JAMA Psychiatry, 79(12), 1188. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.3475 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4307339206
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. John K. Kruschke , Torrin M. Liddell (2018). The Bayesian New Statistics: Hypothesis testing, estimation, meta-analysis, and power analysis from a Bayesian perspective . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 178-206. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1221-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3124625789
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Pety So , André I Wierdsma , Christine van Boeijen , Robert RJM Vermeiren , Niels CL Mulder (2021). Gender differences between adolescents with autism in emergency psychiatry . Autism, 25(8), 2331-2340. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211019855 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3165559379
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Andrew Heiss (2021). A guide to correctly calculating posterior predictions and average marginal effects with multilievel Bayesian models . Front Matter.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.59350/wbn93-edb02 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386109651
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Max Hinne , Quentin F. Gronau , Don van den Bergh , Eric-Jan Wagenmakers (2020). A Conceptual Introduction to Bayesian Model Averaging . Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 3(2), 200-215. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/2515245919898657 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3001129757
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. John H. Ward , Elizabeth M Weir , Carrie Allison , Simon Baron-Cohen (2023). Increased rates of chronic physical health conditions across all organ systems in autistic adolescents and adults . Molecular Autism, 14(1), 35-35. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00565-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4386892471
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Jessica M. Schwartzman , Alexandra H. Bettis (2024). Autistic traits in adolescents in psychiatric inpatient care: Clinical and demographic characteristics and correlates . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 112, 102339. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102339 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4391737950
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. Toby Bonvoisin , Leah Utyasheva , Duleeka Knipe , David Gunnell , Michael Eddleston (2020). Suicide by pesticide poisoning in India: a review of pesticide regulations and their impact on suicide trends . BMC Public Health, 20(1), 251-251. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8339-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3012487842
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Catherine Lord (2012). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) Manual (Part I): Modules 1-4. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) Manual (Part I): Modules 1-4..
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  58. Jessica M. Schwartzman , Joshua R. Smith , Alexandra H. Bettis (2021). Safety Planning for Suicidality in Autism: Obstacles, Potential Solutions, and Future Directions . Pediatrics, 148(6). American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-052958 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3209134269
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Catherine Steenfeldt-Kristensen , Chris A. Jones , Caroline Richards (2020). The Prevalence of Self-injurious Behaviour in Autism: A Meta-analytic Study . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(11), 3857-3873. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04443-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3016276573
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. Rutter M. (2003). Social communication questionnaire . Social communication questionnaire.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  61. Jessica M. Schwartzman , Blythe A. Corbett (2020). Higher depressive symptoms in early adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder by self- and parent-report compared to typically-developing peers . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 77, 101613. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101613 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3042424488
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Constantino J (2021). Social Reponsiveness Scale, Second Edition . Social Reponsiveness Scale, Second Edition.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  63. American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281687410
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Shirley Yen , Jessica R. Peters , Shivani Nishar , Carlos M. Grilo , Charles A. Sanislow , M. Tracie Shea et al. (2021). Association of Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria With Suicide Attempts . JAMA Psychiatry, 78(2), 187. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3598 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3099593587
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Richdale AL (2022). B35 AutismCRC.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  66. Zachary J. Williams * (2024). ZPack.Bayes: R functions to perform general-purpose Bayesian estimation and hypothesis testing using brms . OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints). OSF.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.17605/osf.io/9kx58 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W6925177184
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. Paul-Christian Bürkner (2018). Advanced Bayesian Multilevel Modeling with the R Package brms . The R Journal, 10(1), 395. The R Foundation.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.32614/rj-2018-017 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2766160192
    Crossref OpenCitations
  68. Tamara May , Pamela D. Pilkington , Rita Younan , Katrina Williams (2021). Overlap of autism spectrum disorder and borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis . Autism Research, 14(12), 2688-2710. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2619 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3203998605
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  69. Hoffman MD (2014). B45 J Mach Learn Res, 15(1), 1593.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  70. Stine Iversen , Arvid Nikolai Kildahl (2022). Case Report: Mechanisms in Misdiagnosis of Autism as Borderline Personality Disorder . Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 735205-735205. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.735205 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4210621921
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  71. Anne Snow (2013). Social Communication Questionnaire . In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 2893-2895). Springer New York.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1651 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4250855288
    OpenAlex
  72. Lukas Cheney , Robert B. Dudas , Jenna M. Traynor , Josephine A. Beatson , Sathya Rao , Lois W. Choi-Kain (2023). Co-Occurring Autism Spectrum and Borderline Personality Disorder: An Emerging Clinical Challenge Seeking Informed Interventions . Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 31(2), 83-91. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000361 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4323532086
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  73. Orla C Putnam , Genessa Eddy , Jessica Goldblum , Madison Swisher , Clare Harrop (2023). How autistic adults’ priorities for autism research differ by gender identity: A mixed-methods study . Women's Health, 19, 17455057231160342-17455057231160342. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/17455057231160342 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4361982066
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  74. Paola Bozzatello , Cecilia Blua , Davide Brandellero , Lorenzo Baldassarri , Claudio Brasso , Paola Rocca et al. (2024). Gender differences in borderline personality disorder: a narrative review . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1320546-1320546. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1320546 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4390790034
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  75. Goldie A. McQuaid , John F. Strang , Allison Jack (2024). Borderline Personality as a Factor in Late, Missed, and Mis-Diagnosis in Autistic Girls and Women: A Conceptual Analysis . Autism in Adulthood, 6(4), 401-427. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0034 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4390604695
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  76. Lorenzo Polidori , Giuseppe Sarli , Isabella Berardelli , Maurizio Pompili , Ross J. Baldessarini (2024). Risk of suicide attempt with gender diversity and neurodiversity . Psychiatry Research, 333, 115632. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115632 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4389262782
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  77. Jessica M. Schwartzman , Alex Rubin , Kathryn Fox , Darren Hedley , Alexandra Bettis (2024). Understanding the type, content, and triggers for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in autistic youth and their disclosure to caregivers . Unpublished.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.13140/rg.2.2.23128.10243 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W6903820796 Crossref: not found
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  78. Jessica M. Schwartzman , Alex Rubin , Kathryn R. Fox , Darren Hedley , Alexandra H Bettis (2025). Type, content, and triggers for self-injurious thoughts and behaviors in autistic youth and their disclosure to caregivers . Autism, 29(6), 1627-1635. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613241308327 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4405798175
    OpenAlex