Positive, negative, neutral—or unknown? The perceived valence of emotions expressed by young autistic children in a novel context suited to autism

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Jacques, C., Courchesne, V., Mineau, S., Dawson, M., & Mottron, L. (2022). Positive, negative, neutral—or unknown? The perceived valence of emotions expressed by young autistic children in a novel context suited to autism. Autism, 26(7), 1833-1848. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211068221

Publication date: 16 Feb 2022 Added to AutiHub: 3 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
5
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 5 (20.0%)
  1. Claudine Jacques
  2. Valérie Courchesne
  3. Suzanne Mineau
  4. Michelle Dawson *
  5. Laurent Mottron

Abstract

Starting early in life, autistics are characterized as having atypical facial expressions, as well as decreased positive and increased negative affect. The literature on autistic facial expressions remains small, however, with disparate methods and results suggesting limited understanding of common autistic emotions. Furthermore, unlike non-autistics’ emotions, autistics’ emotions have been assessed without considering this population’s characteristics. In this study, the valence of young children’s facial expressions was thus rated as positive, negative, neutral, or “unknown”—a term for perceived emotions observers do not understand. Facial expressions were assessed using the Montreal Stimulating Play Situation, a context incorporating potential autistic interests. Comparing 37 autistic and 39 typical young (27–56 months) age-matched children, we found no group differences in expressed positive, negative, and neutral emotions. We did find differences in unknown emotions, which were unique to the autistic group. Preliminary data also showed that autistic children’s repetitive behaviors co-occurred with positive, neutral, and unknown emotions, but not with negative emotions. In a novel context that considers their characteristics, we did not find decreased positive or increased negative emotions in young autistic children. Instead, they uniquely expressed emotions perceived as unknown, showing the need to improve our understanding of their full emotional repertoire. Lay abstract Autistic people are believed to have emotions that are too negative and not positive enough, starting early in life. Their facial expressions are also persistently judged to be unusual, as reflected in criteria used to identify autism. But it is possible that common autistic facial expressions are poorly understood by observers, as suggested by a range of findings from research. Another issue is that autistic emotions have always been assessed in contexts suited to non-autistics. In our study, the facial expressions of young autistic and typical children were rated as positive, negative, neutral, or “unknown”—a category we created for emotions that observers notice but do not understand. These emotions were assessed using a context suited to autistic children, including objects of potential interest to them. We found that in this context, autistic and typical children did not differ in positive, negative, or neutral facial emotions. They did differ in unknown emotions, which were found only in autistic children. We also found that repetitive behaviors in autistic children co-occurred with positive, neutral, and unknown emotions, but not with negative emotions. In a context which suits their characteristics, autistic children do not show emotions that are too negative or not positive enough. They do show emotions perceived as unknown, which means we need to improve our understanding of their full emotional repertoire.

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Cited references
91
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
4 / 91 (4.4%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
4 / 410 (1.0%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 4 / 85 (4.7%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 1 / 340 (0.3%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
85 / 410 (20.7%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 61 / 340 (17.9%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
81 / 85 (95.3%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 81 / 410 (19.8%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 60 / 61 (98.4%).
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