Une étude sociologique explorant le modèle médical en relation avec le mouvement de la neurodiversité, en référence aux politiques et aux pratiques

Titre original en anglais : A sociological treatment exploring the medical model in relation to the neurodiversity movement with reference to policy and practice

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Casanova, E. & Widman, C. J. (2021). A sociological treatment exploring the medical model in relation to the neurodiversity movement with reference to policy and practice. Evidence & Policy, 17(2), 363-381. https://doi.org/10.1332/174426421x16142770974065

Publication date: 30/03/2021 Ajout dans AutiHub: 14/09/2026 Type: Article Langue de l’article: Anglais
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Auteurs

Auteur·ices des publications
2
Auteur·ices de la publication identifié·es comme autistes
1 / 2 (50,0 %)
  1. Emily L. Casanova *
  2. Cheryl J. Widman

Résumé

Contexte : Le modèle médical du handicap se concentre sur les affections diagnostiquées. Il est utilisé dans les politiques, en particulier pour catégoriser les personnes. Cela permet des prédictions et des prévisions concernant l'ampleur des besoins en matière de politiques, mais tend à homogénéiser les représentations du handicap, en attribuant une évaluation négative à la maladie qui peut être indépendante des corrélats patho-anatomiques. Le modèle social considère le handicap comme imposé par la société au moyen des attitudes et des barrières. Le modèle de la neurodiversité est un type de modèle social et culturel ayant des implications biologiques ; il affirme que les différences cérébrales et comportementales se situent sur un spectre non pathologique. Les critiques affirment que cela occulte l'expérience vécue. Les décideurs politiques peuvent dévaluer les origines du modèle de la neurodiversité au sein des communautés neurodiverses militantes. Le modèle utilisé par les décideurs en matière de politiques et de pratiques a des effets fondamentaux sur leurs répercussions. Buts et objectifs : Les modèles médical et de la neurodiversité sont examinés en référence à leur politisation en tant que manières de caractériser le handicap et la politique identitaire. Les implications sociales ainsi que celles pour les politiques et les pratiques relatives au handicap et l'utilisation des données probantes sont examinées. Conclusions principales : Les deux modèles ne parviennent pas à répondre aux besoins de l'ensemble de la vaste communauté des personnes handicapées, mais tous deux présentent des caractéristiques utiles. Nous proposons le modèle du gradient biologique (BGM), qui intègre la théorie scientifique tout en évitant les concepts fondés sur la pathologie et les jugements chargés de valeurs concernant la « déficience ». Son utilité est démontrée ; il résout une partie de l'ambiguïté et des tensions qui existent dans la manière dont les personnes handicapées sont perçues par différents groupes et traitées dans les politiques. Il pourrait réduire les problèmes de représentation partielle, lorsque les voix de celles et ceux qui ne peuvent pas plaider pour eux-mêmes risquent d'être moins entendues.

Background: The Medical Model of disability focuses on diagnosed conditions. It is used in policy particularly to categorise people. This enables predictions and forecasting about the size of policy needs but tends to homogenise disability representations, assigning a negative evaluation to illness that may be irrespective of patho-anatomical correlates. The Social Model considers disability as imposed by society through attitudes and barriers. The Neurodiversity Model is a type of social and cultural model with biological implications; it states that differences in brain and behaviour lie on a non-pathological spectrum. Critics say this whitewashes lived experience. Policymakers may devalue the Neurodiversity Model’s origins within activist neurodiverse communities. The model that policy and practice decision makers use has fundamental effects on their impacts. Aims and objectives: The Medical and Neurodiversity Models are reviewed in reference to their politicisation as ways to characterise disability, and identity politics. The implications socially and for disability policy and practice and evidence use are considered. Key conclusions: Both models fall short in addressing the needs of the broad community of the disabled, yet both have useful features. We propose the Biological Gradient Model (BGM), which integrates scientific theory while avoiding pathology-based concepts and value-laden judgments concerning ‘deficiency’. Its usefulness is demonstrated; it resolves some of the ambiguity and tensions that exist in the way people with disability are viewed by different groups and treated within policy. It has the potential to reduce issues of partial representation, where the voices of those who cannot self-advocate may be less heard.

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Références citées
111
Avec un DOI
82
Sans DOI, à partir du texte brut de la bibliographie
27
2 / 111 (1,8 %) références citées comprennent au moins une personne identifiée comme autiste.
Références avec données à compléter
19 / 111 (17,1 %)
Références avec noms d’auteurices détectés
93 / 111 (83,8 %)
Sans nom d’auteurice détecté
18
Sans titre structuré
1
Sans identifiant stable
24
Références avec noms bruts d’auteurices restant à vérifier
0
Références avec problème de récupération des métadonnées externes
4
Ces indicateurs portent sur les références citées affichées sur cette page, après fusion des doublons techniques. Une référence sans DOI peut quand même soutenir les statistiques d’auteurices lorsqu’un titre et des noms d’auteurices sont disponibles.
Noms d’auteurices détectés dans la bibliographie citée
186
À partir du DOI ou de métadonnées externes
186
À partir du texte brut validé de la bibliographie
0
Noms bruts déjà validés
0
Noms bruts restant à vérifier
0
14 / 186 (7,5 %) noms sont associés à un·e auteurice déjà présent·e dans AutiHub. 172 / 186 (92,5 %) noms ne sont pas encore associés.
Noms associés à une personne identifiée comme autiste
2 / 186 (1,1 %)
Calculé sur l’ensemble des noms d’auteurices détectés dans la bibliographie citée. Parmi les noms associés à un·e auteurice déjà présent·e dans AutiHub : 2 / 14 (14,3 %). Personnes distinctes identifiées comme autistes : 2 / 182 (1,1 %).
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