Etudes critiques de l'autisme, race, genre et education
Titre original en anglais : Critical Autism Studies, Race, Gender, and Education
Roscigno, R. (2021). Critical Autism Studies, Race, Gender, and Education. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.1604
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Résumé
Resume Les etudes critiques de l'autisme (CAS) constituent un domaine emergent qui remet en question la pensee fondee sur le deficit a propos de l'autisme. Les premiers chercheurs sur l'autisme, tels que les psychologues Bruno Bettelheim, Leo Kanner ou Ivar O. Lovaas, ont adopte une approche biomedicale ou comportementale pour l'etude de l'autisme. Rejetant une telle approche, les etudes critiques du handicap et, par extension, les CAS ont developpe des cadres theoriques solides pour rendre compte de l'experience socioculturelle et incarnee du handicap, y compris le modele social du handicap, le modele culturel du handicap et les modeles poststructuraux du handicap. Ces approches de l'etude du handicap remettent en question les modeles medicaux du handicap qui comprennent le handicap comme une experience individuelle de deficience. Le handicap est presente comme un probleme a resoudre par la biomedecine et les professionnels de l'aide, et ces approches conçoivent plutot le handicap comme un reseau d'enchevetrements socioculturels. En revanche, les approches theoriques des etudes critiques de l'autisme comprennent l'analyse critique du discours (CDA), la theorie feministe et la theorie critique de la race. Les chercheurs utilisant la CDA examinent la maniere dont le capacitisme est produit et maintenu par les discours, en particulier les discours publics dans les medias, la recherche universitaire, les organisations non gouvernementales et les ecoles. Les chercheurs critiques sur l'autisme qui recourent a la theorie critique de la race cherchent a comprendre les identites intersectionnelles des personnes autistes racisees et les effets cumulatifs du racisme et du capacitisme. Les approches feministes de l'etude de l'autisme remettent en question les stereotypes de genre concernant les personnes autistes, notamment la theorie du cerveau masculin extreme de Simon Baron Cohen.
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