Comparing Behavioral Profiles for Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disabilities Using the BASC-2 Parent Rating Scales–Preschool Form

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref BibTeX OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Gardner, L. M., Campbell, J. M., Bush, A. J., & Murphy, L. (2017). Comparing Behavioral Profiles for Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disabilities Using the BASC-2 Parent Rating Scales–Preschool Form. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 36(6), 535-551. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916689438

Publication date: 24 Jan 2017 Added to AutiHub: 9 Oct 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
4
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 4 (25.0%)
  1. Lauren M. Gardner
  2. Jonathan M. Campbell
  3. Andrew J. Bush
  4. Laura Murphy *

Abstract

We contrasted Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition–Parent Rating Scales–Preschool Form (BASC-2 PRS-P) parent ratings for 242 (52% African American; 39% White) preschool-aged children from three diagnostic groups: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), and ASD and ID (ASD/ID). Across diagnostic groups, atypical behavior, attention, and adaptive functioning were rated as problematic; Developmental Social Disorders (DSD) scores were elevated across diagnostic groups and did not differ. Several BASC-2 clinical and adaptive scales differed across diagnostic groups, with parent-rated aggression higher for the ID group, parent-rated social withdrawal higher for the ASD group, and parent-rated social skills lower for the ASD/ID group. No differences in BASC-2 scores were found across African American and White preschoolers. The BASC-2 identified problem areas in a preschool clinical sample that were consistent with those of preschoolers with developmental disabilities. However, findings did not support use of the DSD as an ASD-specific screening measure.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 17 Oct 2026 10:35.

Cited references
55
With a DOI
38
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
17
1 / 55 (1.8%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
8 / 55 (14.5%)
References with detected author names
48 / 55 (87.3%)
Without detected author names
7
Without a structured title
7
Without a stable identifier
17
References with raw author names still to review
5
References with external metadata lookup issues
2
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
124
From DOI or external metadata
124
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
9
19 / 124 (15.3%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 105 / 124 (84.7%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
1 / 124 (0.8%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 1 / 19 (5.3%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 113 (0.9%).
  1. Sandra L. Harris , Jan S. Handleman (2000). Age and IQ at Intake as Predictors of Placement for Young Children with Autism: A Four- to Six-Year Follow-Up . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(2), 137-142. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1005459606120 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1536921744
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4247665917
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Sara Mahan , Johnny L. Matson (2011). Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders compared to typically developing controls on the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 119-125. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.02.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2133415003
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Allison B. Ratto , Bruno J. Anthony , Lauren Kenworthy , Anna Chelsea Armour , Katerina Dudley , Laura G. Anthony (2016). Are Non-intellectually Disabled Black Youth with ASD Less Impaired on Parent Report than Their White Peers? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(3), 773-781. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2614-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1951674140
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Baio J. (2014). bibr2-0734282916689438 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 63, 1.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  6. Johnny L. Matson , Jonathan Wilkins , Melissa González (2008). Early identification and diagnosis in autism spectrum disorders in young children and infants: How early is too early? Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(1), 75-84. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2007.03.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2155460346
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Gregory S. Liptak , Lauren B. Benzoni , Daniel W. Mruzek , Karen W. Nolan , Melissa A. Thingvoll , Christine M. Wade et al. (2008). Disparities in Diagnosis and Access to Health Services for Children with Autism: Data from the National Survey of Children's Health . Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 29(3), 152-160. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0b013e318165c7a0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1963964632
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Giuliana Galli Carminati , Fabienne Gerber , Marc André Baud , Olivier Baud (2007). Evaluating the effects of a structured program for adults with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 1(3), 256-265. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2006.11.001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2157279925
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. DAVID S. MANDELL , Lisa D. Wiggins , Laura Arnstein Carpenter , Julie Daniels , Carolyn DiGuiseppi , Maureen S. Durkin et al. (2009). Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Identification of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders . American Journal of Public Health, 99(3), 493-498. American Public Health Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.131243 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1969090439
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Bayley N. (2005). Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development . Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  12. Lawrence T. DeCarlo (1997). On the meaning and use of kurtosis. Psychological Methods, 2(3), 292-307. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.2.3.292 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1989243075
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Esther Ben Itzchak , Eliezer Lahat , Ruth Burgin , A. Ditza Zachor (2008). Cognitive, behavior and intervention outcome in young children with autism . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 29(5), 447-458. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2007.08.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2039371036
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Youngstrom, Eric A. (2020). A Primer on Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis and Diagnostic Efficiency Statistics for Pediatric Psychology: We Are Ready to ROC . Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.17615/4a3n-f985 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4298073643
    OpenCitations
  15. Martin A. Volker , Christopher Lopata , Audrey M. Smerbeck , Valerie A. Knoll , Marcus L. Thomeer , Jennifer A. Toomey et al. (2010). BASC-2 PRS Profiles for Students with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(2), 188-199. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0849-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1990531452
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Bruininks R. H. (1996). Scales of independent behavior-revised . Scales of independent behavior-revised.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  17. Heejoo Jo , Laura A. Schieve , Catherine E. Rice , Marshalyn Yeargin-Allsopp , Lin H. Tian , Stephen J. Blumberg et al. (2015). Age at Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Diagnosis by Race, Ethnicity, and Primary Household Language Among Children with Special Health Care Needs, United States, 2009–2010 . Maternal and Child Health Journal, 19(8), 1687-1697. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10995-015-1683-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2118526446
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. DAVID S. MANDELL , JOHN LISTERUD , SUSAN E. LEVY , JENNIFER A. PINTO-MARTIN (2002). Race Differences in the Age at Diagnosis Among Medicaid-Eligible Children With Autism . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(12), 1447-1453. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200212000-00016 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1998074079
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Campbell J. M. (2014). Best practices in school psychology . Best practices in school psychology, 6, 287.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  20. Saime Tek , Rebecca J. Landa (2012). Differences in Autism Symptoms Between Minority and Non-Minority Toddlers . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(9), 1967-1973. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1445-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2029902839
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Johnny L. Matson , Mary Shoemaker (2009). Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30(6), 1107-1114. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2015463602
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. So Hyun Kim , Catherine Lord (2012). New Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised Algorithms for Toddlers and Young Preschoolers from 12 to 47 Months of Age . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(1), 82-93. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1213-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2137657153
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Constantino J. N. (2012). Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2) . Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  24. Mark E. Glickman , Sowmya R. Rao , Mark R. Schultz (2014). False discovery rate control is a recommended alternative to Bonferroni-type adjustments in health studies . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 67(8), 850-857. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.03.012 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2104806243
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. A. De Giacomo , Éric Fombonne (1998). Parental recognition of developmental abnormalities in autism . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7(3), 131-136. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s007870050058 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2093226307
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. DAVID S. MANDELL , Richard F. Ittenbach , Susan E. Levy , Jennifer A. Pinto-Martin (2007). Disparities in diagnoses received prior to a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(9), 1795. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0314-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2122780702
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Chester L. Olson (1974). Comparative Robustness of Six Tests in Multivariate Analysis of Variance . Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69(348), 894-908. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/01621459.1974.10480224 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2067401440
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Fox J., Friendly M., Monette G. (2015). Heplots: Visualizing hypothesis tests in multivariate linear models [R package version 1. 0-15]. http://CRAN . R-project.org/package=heplots
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  29. J A Hanley , B J McNeil (1983). A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases. Radiology, 148(3), 839-843. Radiological Society of North America (RSNA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1148/radiology.148.3.6878708 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2102150307
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Rachel L. Goldin , Johnny L. Matson , Matthew J. Konst , Hilary L. Adams (2014). A comparison of children and adolescents with ASD, atypical development, and typical development on the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(8), 951-957. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2014.04.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2115583886
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Chris Plauché Johnson , Scott M. Myers , and the Council on Children With Disabilities (2007). Identification and Evaluation of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders . Pediatrics, 120(5), 1183-1215. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-2361 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2145914632
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Johnny L. Matson , Marie S. Nebel-Schwalm (2007). Comorbid psychopathology with autism spectrum disorder in children: An overview . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28(4), 341-352. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2005.12.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2111030679
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Juechter J. (2012). Differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders using the BASC-2 Parent Rating Scales Preschool Form (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Georgia State University, Atlanta.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  34. Dorian Kamppi , Linda Gilmore (2010). Assessing Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: A Comparison of the Bayley-III and the Stanford-Binet, Fifth Edition . The Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 27(2), 70-75. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1375/aedp.27.2.70 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2137856363
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Knoll V. A. (2008). Clinical and adaptive skill characteristics of children with autistic spectrum disorders using the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). State University of New York, Buffalo.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  36. Francisca J. A. van Steensel , Susan M. Bögels , Sean Perrin (2011). Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-Analysis . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(3), 302-317. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10567-011-0097-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2138006810
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Catherine Lord (1999). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule . Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  38. Catherine Lord (2012). Autism diagnostic observation schedule . Autism diagnostic observation schedule.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  39. Eric A. Youngstrom (2014). A Primer on Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis and Diagnostic Efficiency Statistics for Pediatric Psychology: We Are Ready to ROC . Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(2), 204-221. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jst062 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2156030748
    Crossref OpenAlex
  40. Sam Goldstein Ph.D. , Jack A. Naglieri Ph.D. (2011). Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition . In Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development (pp. 1439-1439). Springer US.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_6176 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2274990564
    OpenAlex
  41. R Core Team (2026). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing . R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.32614/r.manuals OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2582743722
    OpenAlex
  42. Diana L. Robins , Marianne Barton , Deborah Fein (2018). Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-up . PsycTESTS Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Dataset DOI: 10.1037/t67574-000 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2885350653
    OpenAlex
  43. (2012). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule . SpringerReference. Springer-Verlag.
    Type: Other DOI: 10.1007/springerreference_184220 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4213107117
    OpenAlex
  44. Frederick A. Schrank (2014). Scales of Independent Behavior–Revised . Encyclopedia of Special Education. Wiley.
    Type: Other DOI: 10.1002/9781118660584.ese2123 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4243761070
    OpenAlex
  45. (n.d.). bibr33-0734282916689438
    Type: Other DOI: 10.1007/s40489-015-0053x
    Crossref
  46. Glen P. Aylward (2011). Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development . In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 357-358). Springer New York.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1522 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4250025113
    OpenAlex
  47. Eric Schopler , Robert J. Reichler , Robert F. DeVellis , Kenneth Daly (2016). Childhood Autism Rating Scale . PsycTESTS Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Dataset DOI: 10.1037/t49458-000 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4255104048
    OpenAlex
  48. R Core Team. (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.r-project.org/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  49. Sara S. Sparrow (2011). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales . In Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 2618-2621). Springer New York.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1602 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4301049852
    OpenAlex
  50. Reynolds C. R. (2004). Behavioral assessment system for children manual . Behavioral assessment system for children manual.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  51. Reynolds C. R. (2015). Behavioral assessment system for children manual . Behavioral assessment system for children manual.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  52. Robins D. L., Fein D., Barton M. L. (2009). Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised With Follow-Up. http://www.mchatscreen.com
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  53. Roid G. H. (2003). Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales–Fifth Edition . Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales–Fifth Edition.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  54. Schopler E. (2010). Childhood Autism Rating Scale . Childhood Autism Rating Scale.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  55. Sparrow S. (2005). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales . Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales.
    Type: Other
    Crossref