The use of Language ENvironment Analysis in autism research: A systematic review

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Putnam, O., Markfeld, J. E., Wright, S. T., Feldman, J. I., Goldblum, J., Karpinsky, M., Neal, A. J., Swanson, M. R., & Harrop, C. (2024). The use of Language ENvironment Analysis in autism research: A systematic review. Autism, 29(5), 1095-1117. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613241290072

Publication date: 5 Nov 2024 Added to AutiHub: 27 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
9
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 9 (11.1%)
  1. Orla Putnam *
  2. Jennifer E Markfeld
  3. Sarah Towner Wright
  4. Jacob I Feldman
  5. Jessica Goldblum
  1. Maia Karpinsky
  2. Amanda J Neal
  3. Meghan R Swanson
  4. Clare Harrop

Abstract

The Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) system has been used increasingly in research to record and evaluate the everyday speech of autistic children and their families. However, it is unclear how researchers are using LENA and whether the system is well-suited for work with autistic individuals. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the use of LENA in autism research, to highlight the strengths and limitations of the system as identified by researchers, and to provide recommendations for future research and clinical use. Forty-two studies that used LENA with samples of autistic children were identified through a systematic database search. Researchers using LENA in autism did so across a variety of ages, settings, and analytical approaches. Most studies used LENA within recommended guidelines. The most common purpose of using LENA was for exploratory research. Noted strengths of the LENA system included ecological validity, cost-effectiveness, and timely clinical feedback. Limitations included lower rates of speaker identification compared to human coders and limited information regarding speech context and language development. This systematic review provides key insights into the methods surrounding LENA use in autism research and serves to inform researchers and clinicians on best practices for future use with this technology. Lay abstract In research, language ability has historically been measured using structured tasks in laboratory settings. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on the need to instead capture language ability in an individual’s natural setting (i.e. through social interaction or in their home). Considering natural language may be particularly important for the autistic population, as an autistic child’s language ability can be very different depending on the setting. One common tool for capturing natural language is the LENA recording system, which takes audio recordings over long periods of time and provides estimates of children’s and caregivers’ speech. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the use of LENA in autism research, to highlight the strengths and limitations of the system as identified by researchers, and to provide recommendations for future research and clinical use. We identified 42 autism studies that used LENA in a variety of ways and settings. Most studies used LENA within the guidelines put forth by its creators, and it was most commonly used to understand speech or speech development for autistic children. LENA is a useful tool for clinicians and caregivers to gain some insights into child speech, but those considering using it should be aware of concerns about its accuracy and limitations about the information it provides. In this review, we supplement the official LENA guidelines with specific suggestions for use with the autistic population.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 01:01.

Cited references
106
With a DOI
91
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
15
2 / 106 (1.9%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
3 / 106 (2.8%)
References with detected author names
104 / 106 (98.1%)
Without detected author names
2
Without a structured title
3
Without a stable identifier
14
References with raw author names still to review
2
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
677
From DOI or external metadata
677
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
3
155 / 677 (22.9%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 522 / 677 (77.1%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
11 / 677 (1.6%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 11 / 155 (7.1%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 11 / 548 (2.0%).
  1. Paul J. Yoder , D. Kimbrough Oller , Jeffrey A. Richards , Sharmistha Gray , Jill Gilkerson (2013). Stability and Validity of an Automated Measure of Vocal Development From Day‐Long Samples in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder . Autism Research, 6(2), 103-107. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1271 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1669848016
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Catherine Adams (2002). Practitioner Review: The assessment of language pragmatics . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(8), 973-987. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00226 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1995926350
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Lindsay K. Butler , Swathi Kiran , Helen Tager‐Flusberg (2020). Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in the Study of Speech and Language Impairment Across the Life Span: A Systematic Review . American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(3), 1674-1701. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2020_ajslp-19-00050 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3041550148
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Helen Tager‐Flusberg , CONNIE KASARI (2013). Minimally Verbal School‐Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Neglected End of the Spectrum . Autism Research, 6(6), 468-478. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1329 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1909988460
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (n.d.). Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder). https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/autism/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  6. Carolyn E. B. McCormick , Brian C. Kavanaugh , Danielle Sipsock , Giulia Righi , Lindsay M. Oberman , Daniel Moreno De Luca et al. (2020). Autism Heterogeneity in a Densely Sampled U.S. Population: Results From the First 1,000 Participants in the RI‐CART Study . Autism Research, 13(3), 474-488. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2261 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3001242986
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Katherine Gotham , Alison R Marvin , Julie Lounds Taylor , Zachary Warren , Connie M Anderson , Paul A Law et al. (2015). Characterizing the daily life, needs, and priorities of adults with autism spectrum disorder from Interactive Autism Network data . Autism, 19(7), 794-804. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315583818 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1927816754
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Avendaño S. M. (2022). Language matters: LENA technology in research and practice . Language matters: LENA technology in research and practice.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  9. Bonnie Levin-Asher , Osnat Segal , Liat Kishon-Rabin (2022). The validity of LENA technology for assessing the linguistic environment and interactions of infants learning Hebrew and Arabic . Behavior Research Methods, 55(3), 1480-1495. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01874-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4281749975
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Sloane Burgess , Lisa Audet , Sanna Harjusola-Webb (2013). Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the school and home language environments of preschool-aged children with ASD . Journal of Communication Disorders, 46(5-6), 428-439. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2013.09.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1979194783
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Moon Young Savana Bak , Joshua B Plavnick , Sarah M Byrne (2019). Vocalizations of minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder across the school year . Autism, 23(2), 371-382. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361317747576 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2774915231
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Mihaela Barokova , Helen Tager‐Flusberg (2020). Commentary: Measuring Language Change Through Natural Language Samples . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(7), 2287-2306. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3628-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2807525941
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology . Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1979290264
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Janet Y Bang , George Kachergis , Adriana Weisleder , Virginia A. Marchman (2022). Evaluating the feasibility of an automated classifier for target-child-directed speech from LENA recordings . Center for Open Science.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/5g2jb OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4312089100
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Quan Nha Hong , Sergi Fàbregues , Gillian Bartlett , Felicity Boardman , Margaret Cargo , Pierre Dagenais et al. (2018). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers . Education for Information, 34(4), 285-291. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3233/efi-180221 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2901724277
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Hoi K. Suen (2010). Observational Measurement of Behavior . Journal of Early Intervention, 32(5), 384-386. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1053815110388375 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1994024183
    OpenAlex
  17. Jacquelyn M. Moffitt , Yeojin Amy Ahn , Stephanie Custode , Yudong Tao , Emilin Mathew , Meaghan Parlade et al. (2022). Objective measurement of vocalizations in the assessment of autism spectrum disorder symptoms in preschool age children . Autism Research, 15(9), 1665-1674. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2731 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4224316840
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Rahul Pawar , Aaron Albin , Udit Gupta , Hrishikesh Rao , Caroline Carberry , Amarelle Hamo et al. (2017). Automatic analysis of LENA recordings for language assessment in children aged five to fourteen years with application to individuals with autism . 2017 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical & Health Informatics (BHI), 245-248. IEEE.
    Type: Other DOI: 10.1109/bhi.2017.7897251 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2606676777
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Dwight W. Irvin , Kara Hume , Brian A. Boyd , Matthew T. McBee , Samuel L. Odom (2013). Child and classroom characteristics associated with the adult language provided to preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(8), 947-955. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2013.04.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1999856395
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Elika Bergelson , Andrei Amatuni , Shannon Dailey , Sharath Koorathota , Shaelise Tor (2019). Day by day, hour by hour: Naturalistic language input to infants . Developmental Science, 22(1), e12715-e12715. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/desc.12715 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2885156775
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Jennifer E Markfeld , Jacob I Feldman , Samantha L. Bordman , Claire Daly , Pooja Santapuram , Kathryn L. Humphreys et al. (2023). Associations Between Caregiver Stress and Language Outcomes in Infants With Autistic and Non-Autistic Siblings: An Exploratory Study . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(1), 190-205. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00154 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4311821350
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Linda C. Eaves , Helena H. Ho (2008). Young Adult Outcome of Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(4), 739-747. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-007-0441-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2012235861
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Eva Billstedt , Carina Gillberg , Christopher Gillberg (2005). Autism after Adolescence: Population-based 13- to 22-year Follow-up Study of 120 Individuals with Autism Diagnosed in Childhood . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(3), 351-360. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-005-3302-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2094623935
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Radek Harvánek , Martin Kučera , Jian Du , Jiaoli Li , Jiří Kantor (2022). The effect of musical sensorimotor integrative therapy on the speech of a child with autism . Rehabilitace a fyzikální lékařství, 29(4), 194-202. Care Comm.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.48095/ccrhfl2022194 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4313402360
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Lee J. Cronbach , Nageswari Rajaratnam , Goldine C. Gleser (1963). THEORY OF GENERALIZABILITY: A LIBERALIZATION OF RELIABILITY THEORY† . British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 16(2), 137-163. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8317.1963.tb00206.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2023420063
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Giacomo Vivanti , Cheryl Dissanayake , Ed Duncan , Jessica Feary , Kristy Capes , Shannon Upson et al. (2019). Outcomes of children receiving Group-Early Start Denver Model in an inclusive versus autism-specific setting: A pilot randomized controlled trial . Autism, 23(5), 1165-1175. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318801341 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2896620624
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Helen Tager‐Flusberg (2006). Defining language phenotypes in autism . Clinical Neuroscience Research, 6(3-4), 219-224. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2006.06.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2069930955
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Shelley L. Bredin-Oja , Heather Fielding , Kandace K. Fleming , Steven F. Warren (2018). Clinician vs. Machine: Estimating Vocalizations Rates in Young Children With Developmental Disorders . American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(3), 1066-1072. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2018_ajslp-17-0016 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2807888699
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Lonnie Zwaigenbaum , Susan E. Bryson , Jessica Brian , Isabel Smith , Wendy Roberts , Peter Szatmari et al. (2016). Stability of diagnostic assessment for autism spectrum disorder between 18 and 36 months in a high‐risk cohort . Autism Research, 9(7), 790-800. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1585 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2175187231
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Dongxin Xu , Jeffrey A. Richards , Jill Gilkerson (2014). Automated Analysis of Child Phonetic Production Using Naturalistic Recordings . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(5), 1638-1650. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-13-0037 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2082322470
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Eva BRUYNEEL , Ellen DEMURIE , Sofie BOTERBERG , Petra WARREYN , Herbert ROEYERS (2021). Validation of the Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) system for Dutch . Journal of Child Language, 48(4), 765-791. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0305000920000525 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3094571104
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Regina M. Fasano , Lynn K. Perry , Yi Zhang , Laura Vitale , Jue Wang , Chaoming Song et al. (2021). A granular perspective on inclusion: Objectively measured interactions of preschoolers with and without autism . Autism Research, 14(8), 1658-1669. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2526 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3159476404
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Steven F. Warren , Jill Gilkerson , Jeffrey A. Richards , D. Kimbrough Oller , Dongxin Xu , Umit Yapanel et al. (2010). What Automated Vocal Analysis Reveals About the Vocal Production and Language Learning Environment of Young Children with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(5), 555-569. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0902-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2089452757
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Linda R. Watson , Elizabeth R. Crais (2013). Translating Between Research and Practice in Serving Infants at Risk for ASD . Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 20(1), 4-13. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/lle20.1.4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2096439417
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Dongxin Xu , Christine Yoshinaga-Itano , Jason Carr (2014). Language ENvironment Analysis Language and Autism Screen and the Child Development Inventory Social Subscale as a Possible Autism Screen for Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing . Seminars in Speech and Language, 35(04), 266-275. Georg Thieme Verlag KG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1389099 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2334034822
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Paul Shattuck , Maureen S. Durkin , Matthew Maenner , Craig Newschaffer , DAVID S. MANDELL , Lisa Wiggins et al. (2009). Timing of Identification Among Children With an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Findings From a Population-Based Surveillance Study . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(5), 474-483. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e31819b3848 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2098490628
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Marie Moore Channell , Susan J. Loveall , Frances A. Conners , Danielle J. Harvey , Leonard Abbeduto (2018). Narrative Language Sampling in Typical Development: Implications for Clinical Trials . American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(1), 123-135. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2017_ajslp-17-0046 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2774363489
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Anne S. Warlaumont , Jeffrey A. Richards , Jill Gilkerson , D. Kimbrough Oller (2014). A Social Feedback Loop for Speech Development and Its Reduction in Autism . Psychological Science, 25(7), 1314-1324. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0956797614531023 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2162994165
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Daniel Messinger , Gregory S. Young , Sally Ozonoff , Karen Dobkins , Alice S. Carter , Lonnie Zwaigenbaum et al. (2013). Beyond Autism: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study of High-Risk Children at Three Years of Age . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(3), 300-308.e1. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.011 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2101103407
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Alejandrina Cristia , Lucas Gautheron , Heidi Colleran (2023). Vocal input and output among infants in a multilingual context: Evidence from long‐form recordings in Vanuatu . Developmental Science, 26(4), e13375-e13375. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/desc.13375 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4319461866
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Ko Konno , Munemitsu Akasaka , Chieko Koshida , Naoki Katayama , Noriyuki Osada , Rebecca Spake et al. (2020). Ignoring non‐English‐language studies may bias ecological meta‐analyses . Ecology and Evolution, 10(13), 6373-6384. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6368 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3031189206
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Jessica R Dykstra , Maura G Sabatos-DeVito , Dwight W Irvin , Brian A Boyd , Kara Hume , Sam L Odom (2013). Using the Language Environment Analysis (LENA) system in preschool classrooms with children with autism spectrum disorders . Autism, 17(5), 582-594. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361312446206 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2131168675
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Alejandrina Cristia , Marvin Lavechin , Camila Scaff , Melanie Soderstrom , Caroline F Rowland , Okko Räsänen et al. (2020). A thorough evaluation of the Language Environment Analysis (LENATM) system . Center for Open Science.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/czbym OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4251831351
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Sarah R. Edmunds , Sara T. Kover , Wendy L. Stone (2019). The relation between parent verbal responsiveness and child communication in young children with or at risk for autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis . Autism Research, 12(5), 715-731. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2100 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2938487864
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. D. K. Oller , P. Niyogi , S. Gray , J. A. Richards , J. Gilkerson , D. Xu et al. (2010). Automated vocal analysis of naturalistic recordings from children with autism, language delay, and typical development . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(30), 13354-13359. National Academy of Sciences.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1003882107 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2132566726
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Sue Fletcher-Watson , Fabio Apicella , Bonnie Auyeung , Stepanka Beranova , Frederique Bonnet-Brilhault , Ricardo Canal-Bedia et al. (2017). Attitudes of the autism community to early autism research . Autism, 21(1), 61-74. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315626577 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2339741724
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Helen Tager‐Flusberg , Sally J. Rogers , Judith Cooper , Rebecca Landa , Catherine Lord , Rhea Paul et al. (2009). Defining Spoken Language Benchmarks and Selecting Measures of Expressive Language Development for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52(3), 643-652. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0136) OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2142548379
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Meg Cychosz , Alejandrina Cristia (2021). Using big data from long-form recordings to study development and optimize societal impact . Center for Open Science.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/ybqfw OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4242334097
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Kacie Wittke , Ann M. Mastergeorge , Sally Ozonoff , Sally J. Rogers , Letitia R. Naigles (2017). Grammatical Language Impairment in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Exploring Language Phenotypes Beyond Standardized Testing . Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 532. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00532 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2599313262
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Margaret Cychosz , Rachel R. Romeo , Melanie Soderstrom , Camila Scaff , Hillary Ganek , Alejandrina Cristia et al. (2020). Longform recordings of everyday life: Ethics for best practices . Behavior Research Methods, 52(5), 1951-1969. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3758/s13428-020-01365-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3005165546
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Jessica R Steinbrenner , Nancy S. McIntyre , Lindsay F Rentschler , Jamie N. Pearson , Paul Luelmo , Maria Elizabeth Jaramillo et al. (2022). Patterns in reporting and participant inclusion related to race and ethnicity in autism intervention literature: Data from a large-scale systematic review of evidence-based practices . Autism, 26(8), 2026-2040. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211072593 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4206976357
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Emily F. Dillon , Stephen Kanne , Rebecca J. Landa , Robert Annett , Raphael Bernier , Catherine Bradley et al. (2023). Sex Differences in Autism: Examining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Children and Adolescents Enrolled in a National ASD Cohort . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(4), 1305-1318. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05385-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3214777181
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Dunst C. J. (2013). Effects of Child-Robot interactions on the vocalization production of young children with disabilities . Social Robots Research Reports, 4, 1.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  56. Iria Lee Zimmerman , Violette G. Steiner , Roberta Evatt Pond (2012). Preschool Language Scale, Fifth Edition . PsycTESTS Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Dataset DOI: 10.1037/t15141-000 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4235863378
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Shalini Paruthi , Lee J. Brooks , Carolyn D’Ambrosio , Wendy A. Hall , Suresh Kotagal , Robin M. Lloyd et al. (2016). Recommended Amount of Sleep for Pediatric Populations: A Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine . Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(6), 785-786. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5866 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2422550148
    Crossref OpenAlex
  58. Katharine Zuckerman , Olivia Jasmine Lindly , Alison Elizabeth Chavez (2017). Timeliness of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Use of Services Among U.S. Elementary School–Aged Children . Psychiatric Services, 68(1), 33-40. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201500549 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2495737468
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Clare Harrop , Erin J. Libsack , Raphael Bernier , Mirella Dapretto , Allison Jack , James C. McPartland et al. (2021). Do Biological Sex and Early Developmental Milestones Predict the Age of First Concerns and Eventual Diagnosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder? Autism Research, 14(1), 156-168. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2446 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3110566956
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. Tiffany G. Woynaroski , D. Kimbrough Oller , Bahar Keçeli-Kaysılı , Dongxin Xu , Jeffrey A. Richards , Jill Gilkerson et al. (2017). The stability and validity of automated vocal analysis in preverbal preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder . Autism Research, 10(3), 508-519. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1667 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2511517698
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Larry Fenson , Virginia A. Marchman , Donna J. Thal , Philip S. Dale , J. Steven Reznick , Elizabeth Bates (2012). MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, Second Edition . PsycTESTS Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Dataset DOI: 10.1037/t11538-000 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2939803422
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Maya Matheis , Johnny L. Matson , Claire O. Burns , Xinrui Jiang , W. Jason Peters , Michael Moore et al. (2017). Factors related to parental age of first concern in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder . Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 20(4), 228-235. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2016.1211186 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2514569305
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Emily F. Ferguson , Allison S Nahmias , Samantha Crabbe , Talia Liu , DAVID S. MANDELL , Julia Parish‐Morris (2020). Social language opportunities for preschoolers with autism: Insights from audio recordings in urban classrooms . Autism, 24(5), 1232-1245. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319894835 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3000952506
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Jena McDaniel , Paul Yoder , Annette M. Estes , Sally J. Rogers (2020). Predicting Expressive Language From Early Vocalizations in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Which Vocal Measure Is Best? Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(5), 1509-1520. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00281 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3025744815
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Antonio Hardan (2016). The LENA system in clinical trials: Evidence from pivotal response treatment studies . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(10), S302. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.281 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2534533401
    Crossref OpenAlex
  66. Shalini Paruthi , Lee J. Brooks , Carolyn D’Ambrosio , Wendy A. Hall , Suresh Kotagal , Robin M. Lloyd et al. (2017). Recommended Amount of Sleep for Pediatric Populations: A Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine . In Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines & Policies (pp. 1520-1520). American Academy of Pediatrics.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1542/9781610020862-part06-recommended 10.5664/jcsm.5866
    OpenCitations
  67. Jacquelin Rankine , Erin Li , Stacey Lurie , Hillary Rieger , Emily Fourie , Paige M. Siper et al. (2017). Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) in Phelan-McDermid Syndrome: Validity and Suggestions for Use in Minimally Verbal Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(6), 1605-1617. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3082-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2591834222
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  68. Fleurissaint R. M. (2017). Early developmental trajectories of social contingency predict language outcome in toddlers with ASD . Early developmental trajectories of social contingency predict language outcome in toddlers with ASD.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  69. Meghan R Swanson , Mark D Shen , Jason J. Wolff , Brian Boyd , Mark Clements , James Rehg et al. (2018). Naturalistic Language Recordings Reveal “Hypervocal” Infants at High Familial Risk for Autism . Child Development, 89(2), e60-e73. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12777 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2594427310
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. Fragoso N. C. (2016). Language usage and exposure by 5- and 6-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder and their families living in the imperial valley of California . Language usage and exposure by 5- and 6-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder and their families living in the imperial valley of California.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  71. Hillary V. Ganek , Alice Eriks-Brophy (2018). A Concise Protocol for the Validation of Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) Conversational Turn Counts in Vietnamese . Communication Disorders Quarterly, 39(2), 371-380. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1525740117705094 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2613446889
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  72. Jill Gilkerson , Jeffrey A. Richards , Steven F. Warren , Judith K. Montgomery , Charles R. Greenwood , D. Kimbrough Oller et al. (2017). Mapping the Early Language Environment Using All-Day Recordings and Automated Analysis . American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(2), 248-265. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2016_ajslp-15-0169 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2605959375
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  73. Lucas Gautheron , Nicolas Rochat , Alejandrina Cristia (2023). Managing, storing, and sharing long-form recordings and their annotations . Language Resources and Evaluation, 57(1), 343-375. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10579-022-09579-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4225643144
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  74. Natasa Georgiou , George Spanoudis (2021). Developmental Language Disorder and Autism: Commonalities and Differences on Language . Brain Sciences, 11(5), 589. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050589 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3157052698
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  75. Ghai S. (2013). Developmental profiling of voice quality in infants at risk of autism . Developmental profiling of voice quality in infants at risk of autism.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  76. Ye Wang , Maria Hartman , Nurul Akmar Abdul Aziz , Sonia Arora , Lingyun Shi , Ellie Tunison (2017). A Systematic Review of the Use of LENA Technology . American Annals of the Deaf, 162(3), 295-311. Project MUSE.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1353/aad.2017.0028 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2747238620
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  77. Gilkerson J. Richards J. (2020). A guide to understanding the design and purpose of the LENA system (Technical Report LTR-12; LENA Technical Report). LENA Foundation. https://www.lena.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/LTR-12_How_LENA_Works.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  78. Amanda Seidl , Alejandrina Cristia , Melanie Soderstrom , Eon-Suk Ko , Emily A. Abel , Ashleigh Kellerman et al. (2018). Infant–Mother Acoustic–Prosodic Alignment and Developmental Risk . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(6), 1369-1380. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0287 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2801193150
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  79. Jena McDaniel , Paul Yoder , Madison Crandall , Maria Estefania Millan , Christina Mich Ardel , Grace W Gengoux et al. (2020). Effects of pivotal response treatment on reciprocal vocal contingency in a randomized controlled trial of children with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 24(6), 1566-1571. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320903138 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3006018175
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  80. Amy L. Harbison , Tiffany G. Woynaroski , Jon Tapp , Joshua W. Wade , Anne S. Warlaumont , Paul J. Yoder (2018). A new measure of child vocal reciprocity in children with autism spectrum disorder . Autism Research, 11(6), 903-915. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1942 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2790565479
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  81. Charles R. Greenwood , Alana G. Schnitz , Dwight Irvin , Shu Fe Tsai , Judith J. Carta (2018). Automated Language Environment Analysis: A Research Synthesis . American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(2), 853-867. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2017_ajslp-17-0033 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2794996282
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  82. Ryan A. Millager , Jacob I Feldman , Zachary J. Williams * , Kiiya Shibata , Keysha A. Martinez-Torres , Katherine M. Bryan et al. (2024). Diversity of Research Participant Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Synthesis of American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Publications in 2020 . Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 9(3), 836-852. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2024_persp-23-00204 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4396688355
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  83. Michael D. Stolte (2017). Bridging the research to practice gap in autism spectrum disorder treatment . ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta). University of Alberta Library.
    Type: Dissertation DOI: 10.7939/r3rj4981h OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2808567368
    Crossref OpenAlex
  84. Susan L. Hyman , Susan E. Levy , Scott M. Myers , COUNCIL ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, SECTION ON DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS , Dennis Z. Kuo , Susan Apkon et al. (2020). Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder . Pediatrics, 145(1), 1. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-3447 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2995148308
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  85. Rebecca M. Jones , Daniela Plesa Skwerer , Rahul Pawar , Amarelle Hamo , Caroline Carberry , Eliana L. Ajodan et al. (2019). How effective is LENA in detecting speech vocalizations and language produced by children and adolescents with ASD in different contexts? Autism Research, 12(4), 628-635. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2071 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2909824119
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  86. David Trembath , Marleen F. Westerveld , Srinivas Teppala , Abirami Thirumanickam , Rhylee Sulek , Veronica Rose et al. (2019). Profiles of vocalization change in children with autism receiving early intervention . Autism Research, 12(5), 830-842. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2075 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2911673066
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  87. Chelsea La Valle , Lue Shen , Wendy Shih , CONNIE KASARI , Catherine Lord , Helen Tager‐Flusberg (2024). Real‐time coded measures in natural language samples capture change over time in minimally verbal autistic children . Autism Research, 17(6), 1287-1293. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.3142 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4395699566
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  88. Lauren M. Little , Joanne P. Rojas , Anna Bard , Ying Luo , Dwight Irvin , Beth Rous (2019). Automated Measures to Understand Communication Opportunities for Young Children With Autism in the Community: A Pilot Study . OTJR: Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 39(2), 124-130. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1539449219834911 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2921632151
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  89. Meghan R Swanson , Kevin Donovan , Sarah Paterson , Jason J. Wolff , Julia Parish‐Morris , Shoba S. Meera et al. (2019). Early language exposure supports later language skills in infants with and without autism . Autism Research, 12(12), 1784-1795. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2163 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2955305272
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  90. Jennifer E Markfeld , Jacob I Feldman , Claire Daly , Pooja Santapuram , Sarah M. Bowman , Kacie Dunham-Carr et al. (2023). The Stability and Validity of Automated Indices of Vocal Development in Infants With Autistic and Non-Autistic Siblings . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(12), 4934-4948. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00069 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4387965237
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  91. Shoba S. Meera (2019). Canonical Babbling in 9-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: A naturalistic evaluation of all-day recordings . INSAR 2019 Annual Meeting.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2990072866
    Crossref OpenAlex
  92. Micheal Sandbank , Kristen Bottema-Beutel , Shannon Crowley LaPoint , Margaret Cassidy , Kacie Dunham-Carr , Jacob I Feldman et al. (2020). Project AIM: Autism intervention meta-analysis for studies of young children. Psychol Bull, 146(1), 1. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/bul0000215 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2990306783
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  93. McDaniel J. (2017). Child reciprocal vocal contingency measure using automated vocal analysis with children with autism spectrum disorder . Child reciprocal vocal contingency measure using automated vocal analysis with children with autism spectrum disorder.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  94. Oller D. K. (2015). Towards improved clinically useful automated vocal assessments for the prediction of ASD . Towards improved clinically useful automated vocal assessments for the prediction of ASD.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  95. Yuanyuan Wang , Rondeline Williams , Laura Dilley , Derek M. Houston (2020). A meta-analysis of the predictability of LENA™ automated measures for child language development . Developmental Review, 57, 100921. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2020.100921 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3034698309
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  96. Arsenio Paez (2017). Gray literature: An important resource in systematic reviews . Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 10(3), 233-240. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12266 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4234473732
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  97. Okko Räsänen , Shreyas Seshadri , Marvin Lavechin , Alejandrina Cristia , Marisa Casillas (2021). ALICE: An open-source tool for automatic measurement of phoneme, syllable, and word counts from child-centered daylong recordings . Behavior Research Methods, 53(2), 818-835. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3758/s13428-020-01460-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3082004699
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  98. Rhylee Sulek , Jodie Smith , Catherine Bent , Kristelle Hudry , David Trembath , Giacomo Vivanti et al. (2022). The utility of LENA as an indicator of developmental outcomes for young children with autism . International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 57(1), 103-111. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12678 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3207937674
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  99. Richards J. A. (2008). Richards J. A., Gilkerson J., Paul T. D., Xu D. (2008). The LENA Automatic Vocalization Assessment (Technical Report LTR-08-1; LENA Technical Report). LENA Foundation. The LENA Automatic Vocalization Assessment.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  100. Richards J. A. (2010). Development and performance of the LENA automated autism screen . Development and performance of the LENA automated autism screen.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  101. Sabatos-DeVito M. G. (2016). Relations between computerized LENA recordings of conversational turns and lab-based measures of social engagement in children with autism spectrum disorder . Relations between computerized LENA recordings of conversational turns and lab-based measures of social engagement in children with autism spectrum disorder.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  102. Saldaña J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers . The coding manual for qualitative researchers, 43.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  103. Frederick F. Weiner , Kay E. Ketzenberger (2008). American Speech‐Language‐Hearing Association . Encyclopedia of Special Education, 115-115. Wiley.
    Type: Other DOI: 10.1002/9780470373699.speced0119 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4212872803
    OpenAlex
  104. Katherine L. Winters , Javier Jasso , James E. Pustejovsky , Courtney T. Byrd (2022). Investigating Narrative Performance in Children With Developmental Language Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 65(10), 3908-3929. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00017 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4298126288
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  105. Trina D. Spencer , Trina J. Tolentino , Matthew E. Foster (2023). Impact of Discourse Type and Elicitation Task on Language Sampling Outcomes . American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 32(6), 2827-2845. American Speech Language Hearing Association.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1044/2023_ajslp-22-00365 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4387244757
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  106. Yoder P. J. (2018). Observational measurement of behavior . Observational measurement of behavior.
    Type: Other
    Crossref