Implementation, Reach, and Safety of Physical Activity Interventions for Autistic Adults: A Scoping Review

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

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Kennedy, R. A., Archibald, D., Bury, S., Southby, A., Shrestha, R., Hedley, D., Taylor, N. F., Hawke, L., Wiltshire, G. E., & Shields, N. (2025). Implementation, Reach, and Safety of Physical Activity Interventions for Autistic Adults: A Scoping Review. Autism in Adulthood. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2024.0317

Publication date: 2 Jul 2025 Added to AutiHub: 22 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
10
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 10 (10.0%)
  1. Rachel A. Kennedy
  2. Daryll Archibald
  3. Simon Bury
  4. Alesha Southby
  5. Rena Shrestha
  1. Darren Hedley
  2. Nicholas F. Taylor
  3. Lyndon Hawke
  4. Gilly-Elle Wiltshire *
  5. Nora Shields

Abstract

Background: Despite the known benefits of physical activity—such as better sleep, increased social connection, and reduced psychological distress—autistic adults often do not meet recommended levels. As physical and psychological conditions often co-occur with autism, increasing physical activity represents a potential avenue for improved health and well-being outcomes. Physical activity research to date has primarily focused on autistic children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to understand the implementation, reach, and safety of physical activity programs for autistic adults. Methods: We conducted a scoping review. Reported according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines, our review included studies implementing physical activity interventions in autistic people aged ≥18 years. We searched six databases to June 2024 with keywords, MeSH headings and derivatives relating to autism and physical activity. We extracted data using a standardized template, applying a descriptive analytical approach to map data to categories associated with the review’s aim. Results: Nine studies involving 148 autistic adults (108 male; aged 19–34 years) met inclusion criteria. Physical activity interventions implemented included aerobic exercise, walking or jogging, strength training, motor skills training, soccer, and exer-gaming. Trained instructors, exercise or health professionals, students, coaches, teaching assistants, or residential staff supervised programs conducted in home, school, university, or community settings. Strategies used to support implementation were incorporating appropriate adaptations and scaffolding, using social support strategies and facilitating self-determination. Elements of reach were described variably among the included studies. Reasons for reduced reach and nonparticipation included lack of interest, scheduling, and medical and personal issues. Safety strategies included conducting pre-exercise medical screening and providing physical and psychological training for support people. Conclusion: Safe implementation of physical activity among autistic adults is possible with support. However, there is a lack of research addressing physical activity among autistic women and those with complex needs.

Bibliography cited by this reference

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 07:55.

Cited references
56
With a DOI
52
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
4
5 / 56 (8.9%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
3 / 56 (5.4%)
References with detected author names
53 / 56 (94.6%)
Without detected author names
3
Without a structured title
3
Without a stable identifier
4
References with raw author names still to review
3
References with external metadata lookup issues
1
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
341
From DOI or external metadata
341
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
5
86 / 341 (25.2%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 255 / 341 (74.8%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
6 / 341 (1.8%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 6 / 86 (7.0%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 6 / 305 (2.0%).
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