Examining Diagnostic Trends and Gender Differences in the ADOS-II

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Tien, I. S., Johnson, A. R., Kim, J., & Wood, J. J. (2023). Examining Diagnostic Trends and Gender Differences in the ADOS-II. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 55(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06191-4

Publication date: 8 Dec 2023 Added to AutiHub: 17 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
4
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 4 (25.0%)
  1. Ingrid S. Tien *
  2. Amanda R. Johnson
  3. Junok Kim
  4. Jeffrey J. Wood

Abstract

Approximately 3-4 boys for every girl meet the clinical criteria for autism in studies of community diagnostic patterns and studies of autism using samples of convenience. However, girls with autism have been hypothesized to be underdiagnosed, possibly because they may present with differing symptom profiles as compared to boys. This secondary data analysis used the National Database of Autism Research (NDAR) to examine how gender and symptom profiles are associated with one another in a gold standard assessment of autism symptoms, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule II (ADOS-II; Lord, C., Luyster, R., Guthrie, W., & Pickles A. (2012a). Patterns of developmental trajectories in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(3):477-489. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027214 . Epub 2012 Apr 16. PMID: 22506796, PMCID: PMC3365612). ADOS-II scores from 6183 children ages 6-14 years from 78 different studies in the NDAR indicated that gender was a significant predictor of total algorithm, restrictive and repetitive behavioral, and social communicative difficulties composite severity scores. These findings suggest that gender differences in ADOS scores are common in many samples and may reflect on current diagnostic practices.

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 19 Sep 2026 01:01.

Cited references
51
With a DOI
45
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
4
3 / 51 (5.9%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
5 / 51 (9.8%)
References with detected author names
48 / 51 (94.1%)
Without detected author names
3
Without a structured title
5
Without a stable identifier
4
References with raw author names still to review
3
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
257
From DOI or external metadata
257
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
5
79 / 257 (30.7%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 178 / 257 (69.3%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
3 / 257 (1.2%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 3 / 79 (3.8%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 3 / 221 (1.4%).
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