Neurodiversity in elite sport: a systematic scoping review

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Hoare, E., Reyes, J., Olive, L., Willmott, C., Steer, E., Berk, M., & Hall, K. (2023). Neurodiversity in elite sport: a systematic scoping review. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 9(2), e001575. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001575

Publication date: 1 Jun 2023 Added to AutiHub: 7 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
7
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 7 (14.3%)
  1. Erin Hoare *
  2. Jonathan Reyes
  3. Lisa Olive
  4. Catherine Willmott
  1. Emma Steer
  2. Michael Berk
  3. Kate Hall

Abstract

The objective of this systematic scoping review is to understand the extent and scope of evidence regarding neurodiversity in elite sport. This systematic scoping review considered epidemiological studies, com mentary and viewpoints papers, systematic review and meta-analyses, and any intervention or clinical treatment, management and practice studies in relation to neurodiversity in elite sport. Case studies and grey literature were ineligible for review. Neurodivergence included neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and specific learning disorders. Elite sport was defined as Olympic, Paralympic, national, international, professional and semiprofessional sport. The final 23 studies included in this review comprised 10 observational studies, 4 systematic/narrative reviews, 6 commentary/position statements and 3 qualitative studies. The literature reflected a major focus on ADHD as a risk factor for concussion and prognosis for postconcussion recovery. Further, there was a focus on the medical management of ADHD, regarding adherence to sporting antidoping regulations. One study focused on the experience of autism in athletes in elite sport settings through qualitative interviews. One study focused on anxiety disorders in elite athletes, with ADHD emerging as a major risk factor. There is a strong rationale for future research to build on the evidence for neurodiversity in elite sport to foster supportive and inclusive elite sporting environments.

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Cited references
73
With a DOI
70
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
3
7 / 73 (9.6%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
4 / 73 (5.5%)
References with detected author names
69 / 73 (94.5%)
Without detected author names
4
Without a structured title
3
Without a stable identifier
2
References with raw author names still to review
2
References with external metadata lookup issues
1
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
316
From DOI or external metadata
316
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
2
61 / 316 (19.3%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 255 / 316 (80.7%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
10 / 316 (3.2%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 10 / 61 (16.4%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 10 / 289 (3.5%).
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