The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Self-Esteem in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism: A Scoping Review

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O’Leary, A., Potter, A. L., Rose, K., Pavlopoulou, G., & Tibber, M. S. (2026). The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Self-Esteem in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism: A Scoping Review. Autism in Adulthood. https://doi.org/10.1177/25739581261480482

Publication date: 22 Aug 2026 Added to AutiHub: 24 Aug 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
5
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 5 (20.0%)
  1. Anna O’Leary
  2. Alice L. Potter
  3. Kieran Rose *
  4. Georgia Pavlopoulou
  5. Marc S. Tibber

Abstract

Background: There is growing interest in the role of social media (SM) in the mental health (MH) and well-being of neurodivergent people, with evidence of both potential harms and benefits to engagement. Here, we undertook a scoping review to explore existing research into links between SM use and self-esteem in Autistic people and/or people with ADHD, with a focus on potential commonalities and differences in experiences. Method: We conducted a systematic search of four electronic databases. Two of us screened and coded records independently and conducted a narrative synthesis. We registered the protocol on the Open Science Framework (doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/T5ZHG ) and followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines throughout. Results: We identified 16 reports, based on 16 studies, that met inclusion criteria. Eleven focused on children/adolescents, and five on adults. Five focused on autism, 10 on ADHD, and 1 on both. Studies of people with ADHD focused largely on addictive/problematic SM use and cyberbullying, whereas studies of Autistic people focused on cyberbullying and online connection/community. Cyberbullying and problematic use were associated with lower self-esteem, whereas online community was linked to (Autistic) identity, connection, and higher self-esteem. Studies were predominantly quantitative, cross-sectional, and based on self-report data. Furthermore, population samples were limited in terms of diversity. Conclusion: The current literature highlights the negative impacts of cyberbullying and problematic use on self-esteem for Autistic people and people with ADHD. We also found benefits to self-esteem in studies of Autistic people through opportunities for online community and connection. Future work is needed to explore underlying causality between SM use and self-esteem, as well as directions thereof, incorporating a broad range of constructs beyond problematic use and cyberbullying.

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Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 12 Sep 2026 18:16.

Cited references
110
With a DOI
100
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
10
2 / 110 (1.8%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
11 / 110 (10.0%)
References with detected author names
99 / 110 (90.0%)
Without detected author names
11
Without a structured title
11
Without a stable identifier
10
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
9
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
378
From DOI or external metadata
378
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
2
48 / 378 (12.7%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 330 / 378 (87.3%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
2 / 378 (0.5%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 2 / 48 (4.2%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 2 / 359 (0.6%).
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