Understanding cognitive flexibility in emotional evaluation in autistic males and females: the social context matters

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Lacroix, A., Bennetot-Deveria, Y., Baciu, M., Dutheil, F., Magnon, V., Gomot, M., & Mermillod, M. (2024). Understanding cognitive flexibility in emotional evaluation in autistic males and females: the social context matters. Molecular Autism, 15(1), 49-49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-024-00622-4

Publication date: 21 Nov 2024 Added to AutiHub: 9 Aug 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
OpenAlex source Publisher source (DOI) Full text

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
7
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 7 (14.3%)
  1. Adeline Lacroix *
  2. Yoann Bennetot-Deveria
  3. Monica Baciu
  4. Frédéric Dutheil
  1. Valentin Magnon
  2. Marie Gomot
  3. Martial Mermillod

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Autistic individuals often have difficulty flexibly adjusting their behavior. However, laboratory experiments have yielded inconsistent results, potentially due to various influencing factors, which need to be examined in detail. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that the social content of stimuli could play a specific role in some of the flexibility challenges faced by autistic individuals. The second aim was to explore sex differences in this context. METHODS: We analyzed data from 256 adult participants (124 with autism), matched on age, gender, and sex, who performed an emotional shifting task involving unpredictable shifts between positive and negative stimuli. Additionally, the task included both social and non-social conditions. RESULTS: Our results revealed a larger switch cost in the social than in the non-social condition, and this was more pronounced in autistic than in non-autistic individuals. Furthermore, we observed that autistic females differed from autistic males in the non-social condition and from non-autistic females in the social condition. LIMITATIONS: The online nature of the study reduced the control over participant conditions. In addition, further studies are needed to investigate whether these results apply to the broader autism spectrum. CONCLUSIONS: Building on previous research demonstrating a greater switch cost in autistic than non-autistic individuals for socio-emotional stimuli, our study further extends these findings by highlighting that the social context, rather than the emotional nature of the stimuli alone, may play a significant role in the flexibility challenges faced by autistic individuals. Our findings also contribute to the literature on sex differences in autism.

Related publications

These links indicate preprints, protocols, published versions, or related records identified in AutiHub.

Associated preprints

Confirmed Reliability level: High Crossref

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Bibliography inclusion overview

These indicators describe the cited bibliography imported for this publication. Cited-reference metrics use the cited-reference total as denominator. Cited-author metrics state whether they use all cited-author occurrences or only occurrences linked to authors already integrated in the AutiHub database. They use cached links between cited authors and authors integrated in the AutiHub database. Last computed: 16 Aug 2026 11:31.

Cited references
78
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
6 / 78 (7.7%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
6 / 326 (1.8%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 6 / 107 (5.6%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 4 / 276 (1.4%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
107 / 326 (32.8%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 70 / 276 (25.4%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
101 / 107 (94.4%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 101 / 326 (31.0%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 66 / 70 (94.3%).
2 cited bibliography entries could not be fully enriched from DOI metadata.
Crossref: not found (1) · DataCite: not found (1)
  1. Peter J. Lang (1995). International Affective Picture System (IAPS): Technical Manual and Affective Ratings . Medical Entomology and Zoology.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W44741455
    OpenAlex
  2. Mandy A. L. Mostert-Kerckhoffs , Wouter G. Staal , Renske H. Houben , Maretha V. de Jonge (2015). Stop and Change: Inhibition and Flexibility Skills Are Related to Repetitive Behavior in Children and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(10), 3148-3158. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2473-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W606924118
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Henry Wood‐Downie , Bonnie Wong , Hanna Kovshoff , Samuele Cortese , Julie A. Hadwin (2021). Research Review: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of sex/gender differences in social interaction and communication in autistic and nonautistic children and adolescents . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(8), 922-936. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13337 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3095775465
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Jiedi Lei , Tony Charman , Eleanor Leigh , Ailsa Russell , Zameer Mohamed , Matthew J. Hollocks (2022). Examining the relationship between cognitive inflexibility and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in autistic children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis . Autism Research, 15(12), 2265-2295. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2826 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4301585382
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Fritz-Georg Lehnhardt , Christine Michaela Falter , Astrid Gawronski , Kathleen Pfeiffer , Ralf Tepest , Jeremy Franklin et al. (2016). Sex-Related Cognitive Profile in Autism Spectrum Disorders Diagnosed Late in Life: Implications for the Female Autistic Phenotype . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(1), 139-154. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2558-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1164101963
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Thea Ionescu (2012). Exploring the nature of cognitive flexibility . New Ideas in Psychology, 30(2), 190-200. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.11.001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2069098164
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Hilde M. Geurts , Blythe A. Corbett , Marjorie Solomon (2009). The paradox of cognitive flexibility in autism . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(2), 74-82. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2172212100
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Steson Lo , Sally Andrews (2015). To transform or not to transform: using generalized linear mixed models to analyse reaction time data . Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1171-1171. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01171 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1568266824
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Stephen Monsell (2003). Task switching . Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(3), 134-140. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00028-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4238879677
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4247665917
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Simon Baron-Cohen , Daniel C. Bowen , Rosemary Holt , Carrie Allison , Bonnie Auyeung , Michael Lombardo et al. (2015). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test: Complete Absence of Typical Sex Difference in ~400 Men and Women with Autism . PLOS ONE, 10(8), e0136521. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136521 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1943649909
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Gerard A. Gioia , Peter K. Isquith , Steven C. Guy , Lauren Kenworthy (2000). TEST REVIEW Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function . Child Neuropsychology, 6(3), 235-238. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1076/chin.6.3.235.3152 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2043358844
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Douglas Bates , Martin Mächler , Ben Bolker , Steve Walker (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4 . Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1). Foundation for Open Access Statistic.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1951724000
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Robert M. Roth , Peter K. Isquith , G. A. Gioia (2022). Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function®--Adult Version . PsycTESTS Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Dataset DOI: 10.1037/t86244-000 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4297777180
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Geoff Cumming (2009). Inference by eye: Reading the overlap of independent confidence intervals . Statistics in Medicine, 28(2), 205-220. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/sim.3471 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1966165134
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Gregory L. Wallace , Lauren Kenworthy , Cara E. Pugliese , Haroon Popal , Emily White , Emily Brodsky et al. (2016). Real-World Executive Functions in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Profiles of Impairment and Associations with Adaptive Functioning and Co-morbid Anxiety and Depression . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(3), 1071-1083. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2655-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2172314818
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Rachel C. Leung , Konstantine K. Zakzanis (2014). Brief Report: Cognitive Flexibility in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Quantitative Review . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(10), 2628-2645. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2136-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1981575082
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Yael Granader , Gregory L. Wallace , Kristina K. Hardy , Benjamin E. Yerys , Rachel A. Lawson , Michael Rosenthal et al. (2014). Characterizing the Factor Structure of Parent Reported Executive Function in Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Impact of Cognitive Inflexibility . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(12), 3056-3062. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2169-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2021433979
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Meng-Chuan Lai , Michael Lombardo , Amber Ruigrok , Bhismadev Chakrabarti , Sally J. Wheelwright , Bonnie Auyeung et al. (2012). Cognition in Males and Females with Autism: Similarities and Differences . PLoS ONE, 7(10), e47198. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047198 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1983626034
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Artur Marchewka , Łukasz Żurawski , Katarzyna Jednoróg , Anna Grabowska (2014). The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS): Introduction to a novel, standardized, wide-range, high-quality, realistic picture database . Behavior Research Methods, 46(2), 596-610. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3758/s13428-013-0379-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2088511157
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. E. Sucksmith , Carrie Allison , Simon Baron-Cohen , B. Chakrabarti , Rosa A. Hoekstra (2013). Empathy and emotion recognition in people with autism, first-degree relatives, and controls . Neuropsychologia, 51(1), 98-105. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.013 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1998317396
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Mirko Uljarević , Antonia F. de C. Hamilton (2013). Recognition of Emotions in Autism: A Formal Meta-Analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(7), 1517-1526. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1695-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2001483327
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Marieke de Vries , Hilde M. Geurts (2012). Cognitive Flexibility in ASD; Task Switching with Emotional Faces . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(12), 2558-2568. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1512-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2145855443
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Lien Van Eylen , Bart Boets , Jean Steyaert , Johan Wagemans , Ilse Noens (2015). Executive functioning in autism spectrum disorders: influence of task and sample characteristics and relation to symptom severity . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(11), 1399-1417. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0689-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2002571294
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Jorge Lugo-Marín , María Magán-Maganto , Amado Rivero-Santana , Leticia Cuellar-Pompa , Montserrat Alviani , Cristina Jenaro-Rio et al. (2019). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 59, 22-33. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2018.12.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2907744220
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Madeline B. Harms , Alex Martin , Gregory L. Wallace (2010). Facial Emotion Recognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Behavioral and Neuroimaging Studies . Neuropsychology Review, 20(3), 290-322. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11065-010-9138-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2012614016
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Oriane Landry , Shems Al-Taie (2016). A Meta-analysis of the Wisconsin Card Sort Task in Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1220-1235. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2659-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2174628390
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Annette Estes , Vanessa Rivera , Matthew Bryan , Philip Cali , Géraldine Dawson (2011). Discrepancies Between Academic Achievement and Intellectual Ability in Higher-Functioning School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(8), 1044-1052. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1127-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2018698605
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Marianne Latinus , Helen Cléry , Frédéric Andersson , Frédérique Bonnet-Brilhault , Pierre Fonlupt , Marie Gomot (2019). Inflexibility in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Need for certainty and atypical emotion processing share the blame . Brain and Cognition, 136, 103599. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.103599 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2973596101
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Lien Van Eylen , Bart Boets , Jean Steyaert , Kris Evers , Johan Wagemans , Ilse Noens (2011). Cognitive flexibility in autism spectrum disorder: Explaining the inconsistencies? Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(4), 1390-1401. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.025 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2144486407
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Elise S. Dan-Glauser , Klaus R. Scherer (2011). The Geneva affective picture database (GAPED): a new 730-picture database focusing on valence and normative significance . Behavior Research Methods, 43(2), 468-477. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3758/s13428-011-0064-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2043037790
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Gijsbert Stoet (2010). PsyToolkit: A software package for programming psychological experiments using Linux . Behavior Research Methods, 42(4), 1096-1104. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3758/brm.42.4.1096 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2023701920
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Ran R. Hassin , Hillel Aviezer , Shlomo Bentin (2013). Inherently Ambiguous: Facial Expressions of Emotions, in Context . Emotion Review, 5(1), 60-65. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1754073912451331 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2040008697
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Michael K. Yeung (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorder: The specificity of deficits and the role of task characteristics . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 133, 104518. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.104518 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4205331548
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Gijsbert Stoet (2017). PsyToolkit . Teaching of Psychology, 44(1), 24-31. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0098628316677643 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2380489056
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Rosa Angela Fabio , Sonia Esposito , Cristina Carrozza , Gaetana Pino , Tindara Caprì (2020). Correlations between facial emotion recognition and cognitive flexibility in autism spectrum disorder . Advances in Autism, 6(3), 195-204. Emerald.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1108/aia-02-2019-0005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3024904938
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Andree Hartanto , Hwajin Yang (2022). Testing theoretical assumptions underlying the relation between anxiety, mind wandering, and task-switching: A diffusion model analysis. Emotion, 22(3), 493-510. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/emo0000935 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3114291177
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Jukka Leppänen , Mirja Tenhunen , Jari K. Hietanen (2003). Faster Choice-Reaction Times to Positive than to Negative Facial Expressions . Journal of Psychophysiology, 17(3), 113-123. Hogrefe Publishing Group.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1027//0269-8803.17.3.113 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2069467914
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Élodie Conill , Jean-Louis Stilgenbauer , Marie-Christine Mouren , Véronique Goussé (2014). Rôle de la flexibilité cognitive dans la reconnaissance d’expressions émotionnelles chez les personnes atteintes de Troubles du Spectre Autistique . Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique, 172(5), 392-395. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2014.05.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2087748509
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Simon Baron-Cohen , Sally Wheelwright , Richard Skinner , Joanne Martin , Emma Clubley (2001). The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/High-Functioning Autism, Males and Females, Scientists and Mathematicians . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5-17. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1005653411471 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2100254283
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. S Ciairano (2006). Ciairano S, Bonino S, Miceli R. Cognitive flexibility and social competence from childhood to early adolescence. Cogniţie Creier Comportament. 2006;10:343–66. Cogniţie Creier Comportament, 10, 343.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  45. Leah M. Lozier , John W. Vanmeter , Abigail A. Marsh (2014). Impairments in facial affect recognition associated with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis . Development and Psychopathology, 26(4pt1), 933-945. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414000479 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2314756426
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Thomas Frazier , Mark Strauss , Eric W. Klingemier , Emily E. Zetzer , Antonio Y. Hardan , Charis Eng et al. (2017). A Meta-Analysis of Gaze Differences to Social and Nonsocial Information Between Individuals With and Without Autism . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(7), 546-555. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2612893437
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Mikle South , SALLY OZONOFF , YANA SUCHY , RAYMOND P. KESNER , WILLIAM M. McMAHON , JANET E. LAINHART (2008). Intact emotion facilitation for nonsocial stimuli in autism: Is amygdala impairment in autism specific for social information? Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14(1), 42-54. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s1355617708080107 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2098044398
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. (n.d.). Biro B, Kôkônyei G, De Oliveira Negrao R, Dancsik A, Karsai S, Logemann A et al. Interaction between emotional context-guided shifting and cognitive shifting: Introduction of a novel task. Neuropsychopharmacologia Hungarica. 2021;23:319–30. https://mppt.hu/magazin/pdf/vol23issue3/v23i3p319.pdf
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  50. M.E. Kret , B. De Gelder (2012). A review on sex differences in processing emotional signals . Neuropsychologia, 50(7), 1211-1221. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.022 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2099749875
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Robert D. Rogers , Stephen Monsell (1995). Costs of a predictible switch between simple cognitive tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124(2), 207-231. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037//0096-3445.124.2.207 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4249403603
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Heather J. Nuske , Giacomo Vivanti , Cheryl Dissanayake (2013). Are emotion impairments unique to, universal, or specific in autism spectrum disorder? A comprehensive review . Cognition & Emotion, 27(6), 1042-1061. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2012.762900 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2168530819
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Gerard A. Gioia , Peter K. Isquith , Robert M. Roth (2017). Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function . In Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology (pp. 1-7). Springer International Publishing.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1881-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2110524682
    OpenAlex
  55. (n.d.). White EI, Wallace GL, Bascom J, Armour AC, Register-Brown K, Popal HS et al. Sex differences in parent-reported executive functioning and adaptive behavior in children and young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research. 2017;n/a–. https://doi.org/10 . 1002/aur. 1811/abstract
    Type: Other DOI: 10.1002/aur.1811/abstract Crossref: not found DataCite: not found
    Crossref
  56. Junya Fujino , Shisei Tei , Takashi Itahashi , Yuta Aoki , Haruhisa Ohta , Manabu Kubota et al. (2019). Need for closure and cognitive flexibility in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A preliminary study . Psychiatry Research, 271, 247-252. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.057 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2900528539
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Dale J. Barr , Roger Levy , Christoph Scheepers , Harry J. Tily (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal . Journal of Memory and Language, 68(3), 255-278. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2141845152
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. Eleni A Demetriou , Karen L Pepper , Shin Ho Park , Elizabeth Pellicano , Yun Ju C Song , Sharon L Naismith et al. (2021). Autism spectrum disorder: An examination of sex differences in neuropsychological and self-report measures of executive and non-executive cognitive function . Autism, 25(8), 2223-2237. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211014991 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3173658742
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. A. MARIJE BOONSTRA , JAAP OOSTERLAAN , JOSEPH A. SERGEANT , Jan K. Buitelaar (2005). Executive functioning in adult ADHD: a meta-analytic review . Psychological Medicine, 35(8), 1097-1108. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s003329170500499x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2169700640
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Letizia Palumbo , Hollie G. Burnett , Tjeerd Jellema (2015). Atypical emotional anticipation in high-functioning autism . Molecular Autism, 6(1), 47-47. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0039-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2162399633
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Brigitte Biró , Renata Cserjesi , Natália Kocsel , Attila Galambos , Kinga Gecse , Lilla Nóra Kovács et al. (2022). The neural correlates of context driven changes in the emotional response: An fMRI study . PLOS ONE, 17(12), e0279823. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279823 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4313306346
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Tanja S. H. Wingenbach , Chris Ashwin , Mark Brosnan (2018). Sex differences in facial emotion recognition across varying expression intensity levels from videos . PLOS ONE, 13(1), e0190634. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190634 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2782053762
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Mariann R. Weierich , Olena Kleshchova , Jenna K. Rieder , Danielle M. Reilly (2019). The Complex Affective Scene Set (COMPASS): Solving the Social Content Problem in Affective Visual Stimulus Sets . Collabra: Psychology, 5(1), 53. University of California Press.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1525/collabra.256 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2985204683
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Di Yang , Hengheng Tao , Hongxin Ge , Zuoshan Li , Yuanyan Hu , Jing Meng (2022). Altered Processing of Social Emotions in Individuals With Autistic Traits . Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 746192-746192. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.746192 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4220917071
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Sara Garofalo , Sara Giovagnoli , Matteo Orsoni , Francesca Starita , Mariagrazia Benassi (2022). Interaction effect: Are you doing the right thing? PLOS ONE, 17(7), e0271668. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271668 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4286210514
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. Stephanie Van der Donck , Milena Dzhelyova , Sofie Vettori , Soha Sadat Mahdi , Peter Claes , Jean Steyaert et al. (2020). Rapid neural categorization of angry and fearful faces is specifically impaired in boys with autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(9), 1019-1029. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13201 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3004185273
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  68. Benedek Kurdi , Shayn Lozano , Mahzarin R. Banaji (2017). Introducing the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS) . Behavior Research Methods, 49(2), 457-470. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3758/s13428-016-0715-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2274642938
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  69. Erin Kang , Cara M. Keifer , Emily J. Levy , Jennifer H. Foss‐Feig , James C. McPartland , Matthew D Lerner (2018). Atypicality of the N170 Event-Related Potential in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis . Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(8), 657-666. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.11.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2770107448
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. Gaëtan Merlhiot , Martial Mermillod , Jean-Luc Le Pennec , Laurie Mondillon (2018). Introduction and validation of the Natural Disasters Picture System (NDPS) . PLOS ONE, 13(8), e0201942. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201942 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2885296113
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  71. (n.d.). Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN. International affective picture system (IAPS): Technical manual and affective ratings. NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention. 1997;1:39–58.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  72. Laura Nuño , Juana Gómez-Benito , Viviana R. Carmona , Oscar Pino (2021). A Systematic Review of Executive Function and Information Processing Speed in Major Depression Disorder . Brain Sciences, 11(2), 147. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020147 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3122388946
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  73. Jason D. Rights , Sonya K. Sterba (2019). Quantifying explained variance in multilevel models: An integrative framework for defining R-squared measures. Psychological Methods, 24(3), 309-338. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/met0000184 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2823644790
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  74. (n.d.). R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2020. https://www . R-project.org/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  75. (n.d.). RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Boston, MA: RStudio, Inc. 2019. http://www.rstudio.com/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  76. Cristiano Costa , Ioana Alina Cristea , Elisa Dal Bò , Caterina Melloni , Claudio Gentili (2021). Brain activity during facial processing in autism spectrum disorder: an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(12), 1412-1424. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13412 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3136192986
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  77. (n.d.). Lenth RV, Emmeans. Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. 2021. https://CRAN . R-project.org/package=emmeans
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  78. Brigitte Biro , Gyongyi Kokonyei , Raissa De Oliveira Negrao , Adel Dancsik , Szilvia Karsai , Alexander Logemann et al. (2021). Interaction between emotional context-guided shifting and cognitive shifting: Introduction of a novel task. PubMed, 23(3), 319-330.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3211516433
    OpenAlex