Helping Young People Find the Words: Exploring the Impact of Psychoeducational Materials for Neurodivergent Young People
Powell, L. & Bradley, S. (2025). Helping Young People Find the Words: Exploring the Impact of Psychoeducational Materials for Neurodivergent Young People. Neurodiversity, 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/27546330251376508
This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:
Authors
Abstract
Neurodivergent individuals often struggle with self-understanding due to a lack of accessible, affirming psychoeducational materials. Grounded in the neurodiversity approach – which views neurodivergence as difference, not deficit – this study explored the impact of co-produced resources for ADHD and/or autistic young people. Drawing on lived experience, surveys with neurodivergent adults (n = 71) revealed that 95.7% believed these resources would have been beneficial in childhood. Content analysis and reflexive thematic analysis identified key benefits, including increased self-acceptance, improved communication, and greater confidence in self-advocacy. Parent/carer surveys (n = 8) and interviews further indicated support for emotional well-being, independence, and communication skills. Findings highlight the importance of neurodivergent-led development, with careful attention to language and accessibility. This study reinforces the role of affirming psychoeducation in reducing confusion, stigma, and emotional distress. Future research should examine long-term outcomes and adapt materials across developmental stages. By supporting recognition of both strengths and challenges, these resources can mitigate stigma and foster more inclusive environments – ultimately contributing to improved outcomes for neurodivergent young people.
Bibliography cited by this reference
Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.
Bibliography inclusion overview
These indicators describe the cited bibliography imported for this publication. Cited-reference metrics use the cited-reference total as denominator. Cited-author metrics state whether they use all cited-author occurrences or only occurrences linked to authors already integrated in the AutiHub database. They use cached links between cited authors and authors integrated in the AutiHub database. Last computed: 16 Aug 2026 11:31.
-
Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… (2012). On the ontological status of autism: the ‘double empathy problem’ . Disability & Society, 27(6), 883-887. Informa UK Limited.
-
González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Elizabeth Pellicano , Jacquiline den Houting *Autistic author. Learn more… (2022). Annual Research Review: Shifting from ‘normal science’ to neurodiversity in autism science . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(4), 381-396. Wiley.
-
Sheila Jones , Morten Hesse (2018). Adolescents With ADHD: Experiences of Having an ADHD Diagnosis and Negotiations of Self-Image and Identity . Journal of Attention Disorders, 22(1), 92-102. SAGE Publications.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Hannah A. Armitt , Ellen Kingsley , Leah Attwell , Piran C.L. White , Kat Woolley , Megan Garside et al. (2025). Co-production of a nature-based intervention for children with ADHD study (CONIFAS): Creating a home-based intervention with children and families with lived experience of ADHD . Children and Youth Services Review, 169, 108042. Elsevier BV.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Hsiu-Fang Hsieh , Sarah E. Shannon (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis . Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. SAGE Publications.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Austistica. (2024). ‘Not a priority’ highlights crisis in autism assessment and support. https://www.autistica.org.uk/blog/not-a-priorityType: OtherCrossref
-
Marlies J Visser , Ruth MH Peters , Marjolein Luman (2024). Understanding ADHD-related stigma: A gender analysis of young adult and key stakeholder perspectives . Neurodiversity, 2. SAGE Publications.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Lorcan Kenny , Caroline Hattersley , Bonnie Molins , Carole Buckley , Carol Povey , Elizabeth Pellicano (2016). Which terms should be used to describe autism? Perspectives from the UK autism community . Autism, 20(4), 442-462. SAGE Publications.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Hanna Bertilsdotter Rosqvist *Autistic author. Learn more… , Lill Hultman , Sofia Österborg Wiklund , Anna Nygren , Palle Storm , Greta Sandberg (2023). Intensity and Variable Attention: Counter Narrating ADHD, from ADHD Deficits to ADHD Difference . The British Journal of Social Work, 53(8), 3647-3664. Oxford University Press (OUP).Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Sarah Bradley , Izabela Parzych , Jessica Platts , Lauren Powell *Autistic author. Learn more… (2025). Understanding and harnessing differences in women with ADHD: A qualitative study . Neurodiversity, 3. SAGE Publications.
-
Laura Foran Lewis (2016). Exploring the Experience of Self-Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults . Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30(5), 575-580. Elsevier BV.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Hanna Bertilsdotter Rosqvist *Autistic author. Learn more… , Lill Hultman , Sofia Österborg Wiklund , Anna Nygren , Palle Storm , Greta Sandberg (2025). Naming ourselves, becoming neurodivergent scholars . Disability & Society, 40(1), 128-147. Informa UK Limited.
-
Donald Maciver , Marion Rutherford , Lorna Johnston , Anusua Singh Roy (2023). Prevalence of neurodevelopmental differences and autism in Scottish primary schools 2018–2022 . Autism Research, 16(12), 2403-2414. Wiley.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Melissa H. Black , Johan Helander , Julie Segers , Cecilia Ingard , Jo Bervoets *Autistic author. Learn more… , Vincent Grimaldi de Puget et al. (2024). Resilience in the face of neurodivergence: A scoping review of resilience and factors promoting positive outcomes . Clinical Psychology Review, 113, 102487. Elsevier BV.
-
Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2021). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 328-352. Informa UK Limited.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Clémence Bougeard , Françoise Picarel-Blanchot , Ramona Schmid , Rosanne Campbell , Jan K. Buitelaar (2021). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-morbidities in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 744709-744709. Frontiers Media SA.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Lauren Powell *Autistic author. Learn more… , Gemma Wheeler , Chris Redford , Jonathan Stott (2024). The suitability and acceptability of a co-designed prototype psychoeducational activity book for autistic children aged five-eleven years . Autism & Developmental Language Impairments, 9, 23969415241234648-23969415241234648. SAGE Publications.
-
Lauren Powell *Autistic author. Learn more… , Jack Parker , Anna Weighall , Valerie Harpin (2022). Psychoeducation Intervention Effectiveness to Improve Social Skills in Young People with ADHD: A Meta-Analysis . Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(3), 340-357. SAGE Publications.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Mati Zakai-Mashiach (2023). “I Was Like a Bird Without Wings”: Autistic Women’s Retrospective Experiences in General Schools . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(11), 4258-4270. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Kathy Leadbitter , Karen Leneh Buckle *Autistic author. Learn more… , Ceri Ellis , Martijn Dekker *Autistic author. Learn more… (2021). Autistic Self-Advocacy and the Neurodiversity Movement: Implications for Autism Early Intervention Research and Practice . Frontiers in Psychology, 12(635690), 635690-635690. Frontiers Media SA.
-
Lauren Powell *Autistic author. Learn more… , Gemma Wheeler , Chris Redford , Jack Parker (2021). The suitability and acceptability of a co-designed prototype psychoeducational activity book for seven- to eleven-year-olds with ADHD . Design for Health, 5(1), 4-25. Informa UK Limited.
-
Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2025). Reporting guidelines for qualitative research: a values-based approach . Qualitative Research in Psychology, 22(2), 399-438. Informa UK Limited.Crossref OpenAlex
-
Shayma Izzidien , Rachael Stemp , Sakab Akram , Sabbir Ahmed , Alay Rangel-Cristales , Karen Irvine et al. (2024). The lived experience of co-production: Reflective accounts from the InCLUDE project . Research Involvement and Engagement, 10(1), 104-104. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Steven K. Kapp *Autistic author. Learn more… (2020). Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement . Springer Singapore.
-
Andrew Ivan Brown (2024). ADHD, Academics, and Communities: Who Are the “ADHD Experts”? In The Palgrave Handbook of Research Methods and Ethics in Neurodiversity Studies (pp. 399-409). Springer Nature Switzerland.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Sarah L. Chellappa (2023). Language matters for neuroinclusivity . Nature Mental Health, 1(3), 146-146. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Brigit M. Carter , Rolanda Johnson , Vivienne Pierce McDaniel , Shielda Glover Rodgers , Christine Downing , Kendra M. Barrier (2024). The Progression of Inclusive Language that Enhances Belonging . Creative Nursing, 30(4), 308-319. SAGE Publications.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Edmund J. S. Sonuga‐Barke (2023). Paradigm ‘flipping’ to reinvigorate translational science: Outlining a neurodevelopmental science framework from a ‘neurodiversity’ perspective . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64(10), 1405-1408. Wiley.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Christie Enjey Lin (2021). Self-Advocacy . In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 4133-4134). Springer International Publishing.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Elizabeth Jane Colbert , Lauren Powell *Autistic author. Learn more… (2025). Why Language Matters: A Qualitative Inquiry Into the Implications of Language Used During Provider-Patient Interactions on University Students’ Perceptions and Understandings of Their Own Mental Health . Psychology of Language and Communication, 29(1), 199-224. University of Warsaw.Crossref OpenAlex
-
Tasha Cullingham , Una Rennard , Cathy Creswell , Damian Milton *Autistic author. Learn more… , Karen Leneh Buckle *Autistic author. Learn more… , Lucie Godber et al. (2023). Co-production of a Neurodiversity-Affirmative Anxiety Intervention for Autistic Children . medRxiv, 2023. openRxiv.
-
Lauren Powell *Autistic author. Learn more… , Jack Parker , Jonathan Stott , Elizabeth Jane Colbert (2025). The Impact of Psychoeducation Interventions on Social Skills in Autistic 5–12-Year-Olds: A Narrative Systematic Review . Neurodiversity, 3. SAGE Publications.
-
Gayle L. Overton , Ferran Marsà-Sambola , Rachael Martin , Penny Cavenagh (2024). Understanding the Self-identification of Autism in Adults: a Scoping Review . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11(4), 682-702. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Department for Education (DfE). (2024). Academic year 2023/24: Special educational needs in England. https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/special-educational-needs-in-england/2023-24Type: OtherCrossref
-
Healthwatch. (2023). ADHD and autism: Tackling the long wait for support. https://www.healthwatch.co.uk/blog/2023-12-13/adhd-and-autism-tackling-long-wait-supportType: OtherCrossref
-
Vasiliki Papageorgiou , Lindsay H. Dewa , Jane Bruton , Keitumetse-Kabelo Murray , Nick Hewlett , Wezi Thamm et al. (2023). ‘Building bridges’: reflections and recommendations for co-producing health research . Research Involvement and Engagement, 9(1), 113-113. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Hutson P. (2024). Empowering neurodivergence: The role of positive language in challenging systemic ableism . Novel Trends in Mental Health, 1(1), 01.Type: OtherCrossref
-
Palwasha Najeeb , Lisa Quadt (2024). Autistic well-being: A scoping review of scientific studies from a neurodiversity-affirmative perspective . Neurodiversity, 2. SAGE Publications.Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
-
Leadbitter K (2024). Autistic self-advocacy and the neurodiversity movement: Implications for autism early intervention research and practice . Ethical Frameworks in Special Education: A Guide for Researchers, 58.Type: OtherCrossref
-
Ministry of Housing Communities and Local Government. (2019). English indices of deprivation 2019. https://imd-by-postcode.opendatacommunities.org/imd/2019Type: OtherCrossref
-
National Autistic Society. (2022). Tips for effective communication with autistic pupils. https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/professional-practice/communication-pupilsType: OtherCrossref
-
National Autistic Society. (2025a). Autism and BAME people. https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism/autism-and-bame-peopleType: OtherCrossref
-
National Autistic Society. (2025b). Autistic women and girls. https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism/autistic-women-and-girlsType: OtherCrossref
-
National Autistic Society. (2025c). LGBTQ+ online branch. https://www.autism.org.uk/what-we-do/branches/lgbtq-online-branchType: OtherCrossref
-
NHS England. (2023). Autism statistics October 2022 to September 2023. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/autism-statistics/october-2022-to-september-2023Type: OtherCrossref
-
NHS England. (2025). Making information and the words we use accessible. https://www.england.nhs.uk/learning-disabilities/about/get-involved/involving-people/making-information-and-the-words-we-use-accessible/#:∼:text=Some%20people%20on%20the%20autism Use%20clear%2C%20everyday%20languageType: OtherCrossref
-
Powell L. (2021). The ADHD hero activity book. https://www.adhdfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ADHD-Activity-Book.pdfType: OtherCrossref
-
Powell L. Wheeler G. Redford C. (2023). Learning about autism. https://www.adhdfoundation.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Learning-About-Autism_web.pdfType: OtherCrossref
-
Shakespeare T. Shakespeare T. (2016). The social model of disability. The disability studies reader. In (pp. 266-273): sn.Type: OtherCrossref
-
Sreckovic, M. A., Schultz, T. R., Common, E. A., & Kucharczyk, S. (2019). I have autism: A review of the literature on sharing diagnosis with peers . Division on Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 6(1), 22.Type: OtherCrossref
-
Wadsworth J. (2017). The nine degrees of autism: A developmental model. In: Taylor & Francis.Type: OtherCrossref