Brief Report: The Characterization of Medical Comorbidity Prior to Autism Diagnosis in Children Before Age Two

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref PubMed OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Eyoh, E. E., Failla, M. D., Williams, Z. J., Schwartz, K. L., Cutting, L. E., Landman, B. A., & Cascio, C. J. (2021). Brief Report: The Characterization of Medical Comorbidity Prior to Autism Diagnosis in Children Before Age Two. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(6), 2540-2547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05380-3

Publication date: 1 Dec 2021 Added to AutiHub: 7 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
OpenAlex source Publisher source (DOI)

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
7
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 7 (14.3%)
  1. Ekomobong E. Eyoh
  2. Michelle D. Failla
  3. Zachary J. Williams *
  4. Kyle L. Schwartz
  1. Laurie E. Cutting
  2. Bennett A. Landman
  3. Carissa J. Cascio

Abstract

In autism spectrum disorder (ASD), medical conditions in infancy could be predictive markers for later ASD diagnosis. In this study, electronic medical records of 579 autistic individuals and 1897 matched controls prior to age 2 were analyzed for potential predictive conditions. Using a novel tool, the relative association of each condition in the autistic group was compared to the control group using logistic regressions across medical records. Generalized convulsive epilepsy, nystagmus, lack of normal physiological development, delayed milestones, and strabismus were more likely in those later diagnosed with ASD while perinatal jaundice was less likely to be associated. Lesser-known conditions, such as strabismus and nystagmus, may point to novel predictive co-occurring condition profiles which could improve screening practices for ASD.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Bibliography inclusion overview

These indicators describe the cited bibliography imported for this publication. Cited-reference metrics use the cited-reference total as denominator. Cited-author metrics state whether they use all cited-author occurrences or only occurrences linked to authors already integrated in the AutiHub database. They use cached links between cited authors and authors integrated in the AutiHub database. Last computed: 16 Aug 2026 11:31.

Cited references
37
Total cited references integrated for this publication.
Cited references with an identified autistic author
1 / 37 (2.7%)
Cited author occurrences identified as autistic
1 / 233 (0.4%)
Among occurrences linked to AutiHub author records: 1 / 25 (4.0%). Distinct cited authors identified as autistic: 1 / 222 (0.5%).
Cited author occurrences linked to AutiHub author records
25 / 233 (10.7%)
Distinct linked cited authors: 20 / 222 (9.0%)
Linked cited-author occurrences not identified as autistic
24 / 25 (96.0%)
Among linked cited-author occurrences only. Across all cited-author occurrences: 24 / 233 (10.3%). Distinct linked cited authors not identified as autistic: 19 / 20 (95.0%).
  1. Sue Woolfenden , Vanessa Sarkozy , Greta Ridley , Katrina Williams (2012). A systematic review of the diagnostic stability of Autism Spectrum Disorder . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 345-354. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2011.06.008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1966074060
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Stacey E. Alexeeff , Vincent Yau , Yinge Qian , Meghan Davignon , Frances Lynch , Phillip Crawford et al. (2017). Medical Conditions in the First Years of Life Associated with Future Diagnosis of ASD in Children . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(7), 2067-2079. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3130-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2607172469
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Young Juhn , Amiinah Kung , Robert Voigt , Shirley Johnson (2010). Characterisation of children's asthma status by ICD-9 code and criteria-based medical record review . Primary Care Respiratory Journal, 20(1), 79-83. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.4104/pcrj.2010.00076 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1984860637
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Sanjiv B. Amin , Tristram Smith , Hongyue Wang (2011). Is Neonatal Jaundice Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(11), 1455-1463. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1169-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2002654991
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Dmytro Onishchenko , Yi Huang , James van Horne , Peter J. Smith , Michael E. Msall , Ishanu Chattopadhyay (2021). Reduced false positives in autism screening via digital biomarkers inferred from deep comorbidity patterns . Science Advances, 7(41), 0354. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0354 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3136181230
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Jamie Ikeda , Bradley V. Davitt , Monica Ultmann , Rolanda Maxim , Oscar A. Cruz (2013). Brief Report: Incidence of Ophthalmologic Disorders in Children with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(6), 1447-1451. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-012-1475-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2002122073
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Pamela M. Anketell , Kathryn J. Saunders , Stephen M. Gallagher , Clare Bailey , Julie‐Anne Little (2018). Accommodative Function in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Optometry and Vision Science, 95(3), 193-201. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001190 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2790578016
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Michelle D. Failla , Kyle L. Schwartz , Shikha Chaganti , Laurie E. Cutting , Bennett A. Landman , Carissa J. Cascio (2021). Using phecode analysis to characterize co-occurring medical conditions in autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 25(3), 800-811. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320934561 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3043658467
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Jon Baio , Lisa Wiggins , Deborah L. Christensen , Matthew J Maenner , Julie Daniels , Zachary Warren et al. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014 . MMWR. Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1-23. Centers for Disease Control MMWR Office.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6706a1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2614349964
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Jiaxing Wang , Gang Ding , Ying Li , Ning Hua , Nan Wei , Xiaoli Qi et al. (2018). Refractive Status and Amblyopia Risk Factors in Chinese Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1530-1536. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3387-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2768556997
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Muneaki Matsuo , Toshiyuki Maeda , Kazuya Sasaki , Kiyohisa Ishii , Yuhei Hamasaki (2010). Frequent association of autism spectrum disorder in patients with childhood onset epilepsy . Brain and Development, 32(9), 759-763. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2010.05.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2008884297
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Sarah M. Banker , Xiaosi Gu , Daniela Schiller , Jennifer H. Foss‐Feig (2021). Hippocampal contributions to social and cognitive deficits in autism spectrum disorder . Trends in Neurosciences, 44(10), 793-807. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.08.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3201397874
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Yoav Benjamini , Yosef Hochberg (1995). Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, 57(1), 289-300. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2110065044
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Emrah Utku Kabatas , Pinar Altiaylik Ozer , Gokce Tasdemir Ertugrul , Bengi Ece Kurtul , Sahin Bodur , Burcu Ersoz Alan (2015). Initial Ophthalmic Findings in Turkish Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2578-2581. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2428-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2077489562
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. P H Phillips (2005). Intermittent exotropia increasing with near fixation: a "soft" sign of neurological disease . British Journal of Ophthalmology, 89(12), 1120-1122. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2004.063123 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2083983079
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Yuri Bozzi , Giovanni Provenzano , Simona Casarosa (2018). Neurobiological bases of autism–epilepsy comorbidity: a focus on excitation/inhibition imbalance . European Journal of Neuroscience, 47(6), 534-548. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13595 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2608216424
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Jet B. Muskens , Fleur P. Velders , Wouter G. Staal (2017). Medical comorbidities in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders: a systematic review . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(9), 1093-1103. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00787-017-1020-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2730169795
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Paul Shattuck , Maureen Durkin , Matthew Maenner , Craig Newschaffer , David S. Mandell , Lisa Wiggins et al. (2009). Timing of Identification Among Children With an Autism Spectrum Disorder: Findings From a Population-Based Surveillance Study . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(5), 474-483. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e31819b3848 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2098490628
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Cynthia D. Connelly , Alexa Pérez , Halsey Barlow , George J. Chiang , Ruth A. Bush (2017). Extracting autism spectrum disorder data from the electronic health record . Applied Clinical Informatics, 08(03), 731-741. Georg Thieme Verlag KG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.4338/aci-2017-02-ra-0029 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2737308720
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Lisa A. Croen , Ousseny Zerbo , Yinge Qian , Maria L Massolo , Steve Rich , Stephen Sidney et al. (2015). The health status of adults on the autism spectrum . Autism, 19(7), 814-823. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315577517 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2108322879
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Shikha Chaganti , Louise A. Mawn , Hakmook Kang , Josephine Egan , Susan M. Resnick , Lori L. Beason-Held et al. (2019). Electronic Medical Record Context Signatures Improve Diagnostic Classification Using Medical Image Computing . IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 23(5), 2052-2062. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2018.2890084 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2907247789
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Melinda Y. Chang , Danielle Doppee , Fei Yu , Claudia Perez , Anne L. Coleman , Stacy L. Pineles (2021). Prevalence of Ophthalmologic Diagnoses in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Using the Optum Dataset: APopulation-Based Study . American Journal of Ophthalmology, 221, 147-153. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.048 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3083426341
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Diana L. Robins , Karís Casagrande , Marianne Barton , Chi-Ming A. Chen , Thyde Dumont-Mathieu , Deborah Fein (2014). Validation of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised With Follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F) . Pediatrics, 133(1), 37-45. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-1813 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2137207936
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Melinda Y. Chang , Nandini Gandhi , Mary O'Hara (2019). Ophthalmologic disorders and risk factors in children with autism spectrum disorder . Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 23(6), 337.e1-337.e6. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.09.008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2979252552
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Mark H. Johnson , Teodora Gliga , Emily J.H. Jones , Tony Charman (2015). Annual Research Review: Infant development, autism, and ADHD – early pathways to emerging disorders . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 228-247. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12328 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2155698011
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Christina Cordero , Laura A. Schieve , Lisa A. Croen , Stephanie M. Engel , Anna Maria Siega-Riz , Amy H. Herring et al. (2020). Neonatal jaundice in association with autism spectrum disorder and developmental disorder . Journal of Perinatology, 40(2), 219-225. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41372-019-0452-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2964499964
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Finale Doshi-Velez , Yaorong Ge , Isaac Kohane (2014). Comorbidity Clusters in Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Electronic Health Record Time-Series Analysis . Pediatrics, 133(1), e54-e63. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-0819 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2169767637
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Melvin Kaplan , Bernard Rimland , Stephen M. Edelson (1999). Strabismus in Autism Spectrum Disorder . Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 14(2), 101-105. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/108835769901400205 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2171647067
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Joshua C. Denny , Lisa Bastarache , Dan M. Roden (2016). Phenome-Wide Association Studies as a Tool to Advance Precision Medicine . Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 17(1), 353-373. Annual Reviews.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-024956 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2290189795
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Todd Lingren , Pei Chen , Joseph Bochenek , Finale Doshi-Velez , Patty Manning-Courtney , Julie Bickel et al. (2016). Electronic Health Record Based Algorithm to Identify Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder . PLOS ONE, 11(7), e0159621. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159621 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2488962145
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Lauren Strasser , Michelle Downes , Jane Kung , J Helen Cross , Michelle De Haan (2018). Prevalence and risk factors for autism spectrum disorder in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 60(1), 19-29. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13598 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2767798785
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Yehezkel Sztainberg , Huda Y Zoghbi (2016). Lessons learned from studying syndromic autism spectrum disorders . Nature Neuroscience, 19(11), 1408-1417. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/nn.4420 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2540426790
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Éric Fombonne , Éric Fombonne , LeeAnne Green Snyder , Amy Daniels , Pamela Feliciano , Wendy Chung (2020). Psychiatric and Medical Profiles of Autistic Adults in the SPARK Cohort . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(10), 3679-3698. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04414-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3009036752
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Hassan Hashemi , Reza Pakzad , Samira Heydarian , Abbasali Yekta , Mohamadreza Aghamirsalim , Fereshteh Shokrollahzadeh et al. (2019). Global and regional prevalence of strabismus: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis . Strabismus, 27(2), 54-65. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09273972.2019.1604773 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2940939835
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Julie‐anne Little (2018). Vision in children with autism spectrum disorder: a critical review . Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 101(4), 504-513. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12651 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2792416677
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Charlotte Tye , Abigail K. Runicles , Andrew Whitehouse , Gail A. Alvares (2019). Characterizing the Interplay Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Comorbid Medical Conditions: An Integrative Review . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 438-438. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00751 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2913905225
    Crossref OpenAlex