Women & Girls on the Autism Spectrum: A Profile

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

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Lawson, W. (2017). Women & Girls on the Autism Spectrum: A Profile. Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment, 5(3), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2017.05.03.4

Publication date: 16 Oct 2017 Added to AutiHub: 6 Jul 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
1
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 1 (100.0%)
  1. Wenn Lawson *

Abstract

Being female and autistic is poorly understood, but is autism really ‘rare’ in females? Historically, autism has been associated with traditionally masculine features and stereotypes of behaviour, with some believing autism only occurred in males [1]. This leads scientific enquiry to the critical question of whether there are more males living with autism or, conversely, do females on the autistic spectrum present differently to males and, therefore, are at risk of remaining undiagnosed?

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 07:56.

Cited references
31
With a DOI
21
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
10
3 / 31 (9.7%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
10 / 31 (32.3%)
References with detected author names
21 / 31 (67.7%)
Without detected author names
10
Without a structured title
10
Without a stable identifier
10
References with raw author names still to review
9
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
94
From DOI or external metadata
94
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
11
38 / 94 (40.4%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 56 / 94 (59.6%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
3 / 94 (3.2%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 3 / 38 (7.9%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 3 / 90 (3.3%).
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    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
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    Type: Other
    Crossref
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    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
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    Type: Book DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4247665917
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Alexandra M Head , Jane A McGillivray , Mark A. Stokes (2014). Gender differences in emotionality and sociability in children with autism spectrum disorders . Molecular Autism, 5(1), 19. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-19 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2107817359
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
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    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Lorna Wing (1981). Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions . Psychiatry Research, 5(2), 129-137. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(81)90043-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1969820613
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Michelle Dean , CONNIE KASARI , Wendy Shih , Fred Frankel , Rondalyn Whitney , Rebecca Landa et al. (2014). The peer relationships of girls with ASD at school: comparison to boys and girls with and without ASD . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(11), 1218-1225. Wiley.
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    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. Tony Attwood * (2007). The Complete Guide to Asperger’s Syndrome . Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.5040/9781805014300 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4403640964
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. John N. Constantino , Tony Charman (2012). Gender Bias, Female Resilience, and the Sex Ratio in Autism . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(8), 756-758. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.05.017 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2014223535
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Alice S. Carter , David O. Black , Sonia Tewani , Christine E. Connolly , Mary Beth Kadlec , Helen Tager‐Flusberg (2007). Sex Differences in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(1), 86-97. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0331-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2002767599
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Patricia J. M. Van Wijngaarden-Cremers , Evelien van Eeten , Wouter B. Groen , Patricia A. Van Deurzen , Iris J. Oosterling , Rutger Jan Van der Gaag (2014). Gender and age differences in the core triad of impairments in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(3), 627. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1913-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2070034706
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
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    Type: Other
    Crossref
  16. Katharina Dworzynski , Angelica Ronald , Patrick Bolton , Francesca Happé (2012). How Different Are Girls and Boys Above and Below the Diagnostic Threshold for Autism Spectrum Disorders? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(8), 788-797. Elsevier BV.
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    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
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    Type: Other
    Crossref
  18. Tamara May , Kim Cornish , Nicole Rinehart (2014). Does Gender Matter? A One Year Follow-up of Autistic, Attention and Anxiety Symptoms in High-Functioning Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1077-1086. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1964-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2075743055
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Georg S. Kranz , Andreas Hahn , Ulrike Kaufmann , Martin Küblböck , Allan Hummer , Sebastian Ganger et al. (2014). White Matter Microstructure in Transsexuals and Controls Investigated by Diffusion Tensor Imaging . The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(46), 15466-15475. Society for Neuroscience.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2488-14.2014 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2078178331
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Clare Harrop , Stephanie Shire , Amanda Gulsrud , Ya-Chih Chang , Eric Ishijima , Kathy Lawton et al. (2015). Does Gender Influence Core Deficits in ASD? An Investigation into Social-Communication and Play of Girls and Boys with ASD . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(3), 766-777. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2234-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2065363232
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
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    Type: Other
    Crossref
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    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt216 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2160449790
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Lorna Wing , Judith Gould , Christopher Gillberg (2011). Autism spectrum disorders in the DSM-V: Better or worse than the DSM-IV? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 768-773. Elsevier BV.
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    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
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    Type: Other
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    Crossref