Self-compassion improves emotion regulation and mental health outcomes: A pilot study of an online self-compassion program for autistic adults

Authors

Abstract

People thrive in compassionate environments. For autistic people, their environments are often non-conducive to care and support. We propose that cultivating autistic people’s self-compassion may be an antidote to the mental health difficulties arising from environmental causes. The current study aimed to pilot a self-guided online self-compassion program for autistic adults to assess its feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes related to completing this program. The program was co-produced with autistic individuals. Thirty-nine autistic adults aged 20–77 years ( M age = 45.28, SD age = 11.92) completed the online program. They also provided feedback about their self-compassion practices every week. They completed pre- and post-intervention online surveys measuring self-compassion, symptoms of anxiety and depression, positive and negative affect, emotion regulation difficulties, and psychological well-being. As hypothesized, there were significant group improvements in all outcome measures. Preliminary results suggest that the program is feasible and accepted by participants. Approximately half of the autistic participants reported experiences of backdraft, which are adverse reactions associated with self-compassion practices. Based on our findings, we provided clinical recommendations on how self-compassion can be taught to autistic adults. Lay abstract Self-compassion is when we are aware of our feelings and thoughts, are friendly toward ourselves, and realize everyone feels pain and makes mistakes. Self-compassion is associated with having better mental health and well-being in autistic and non-autistic people. But we do not know if autistic people’s self-compassion can be improved through psychoeducation and self-compassion practices. We co-produced an online self-guided self-compassion program based on evidence-based self-compassion practices for autistic adults called the Self-compassion Program for Autistic Adults. This program included live-experiences videos of autistic adults reflecting on their self-compassion and self-critical experiences. This study piloted the program with 39 autistic adults. We wanted to see if these autistic adults’ self-compassion, emotion regulation, mental health, and psychological well-being improved after completing this program. We found that the autistic participants’ self-compassion, emotion regulation, mental health, and psychological well-being improved significantly after completing the program over 5 weeks. We also found that just over half of the participants reported experiencing negative reactions associated with self-compassion practices. We suggested some clinical implications, including a recommendation for emotion regulation interventions to incorporate self-compassion to help promote access to the affiliative system. In addition, autistic adults who are psychologically vulnerable may need to work with mental health professionals while developing self-compassion to help manage the possible negative reactions associated with some self-compassion practices.

1. Karen F. Swaim , Sam B. Morgan (2001). Children's Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions Toward a Peer with Autistic Behaviors: Does a Brief Educational Intervention Have an Effect? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(2), 195-205. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1010703316365 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W115749738

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
2. Simon Baron-Cohen , Sally Wheelwright , Richard Skinner , Joanne Martin , Emma Clubley (2001). The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome/High-Functioning Autism, Males and Females, Scientists and Mathematicians . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 5-17. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1005653411471 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2100254283

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
3. Yona Lunsky , Brianne Redquest , Carly Albaum , Sue Hutton , Maxine Share *Autistic author. Learn more… , Daniel Share-Strom *Autistic author. Learn more… et al. (2022). Virtual Group–Based Mindfulness Intervention for Autistic Adults: a Feasibility Study . Mindfulness, 13(7), 1706-1718. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12671-022-01909-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4282582019

   AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
4. Amy L. Finlay-Jones , Clare S. Rees , Robert T. Kane (2015). Self-Compassion, Emotion Regulation and Stress among Australian Psychologists: Testing an Emotion Regulation Model of Self-Compassion Using Structural Equation Modeling . PLOS ONE, 10(7), e0133481. Public Library of Science (PLoS).

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133481 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W978422261

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
5. Danielle M. Beaton , Fuschia Sirois , Elizabeth Milne (2022). The role of self‐compassion in the mental health of adults with ADHD . Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78(12), 2497-2512. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23354 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4220925078

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
6. Ru Ying Cai , Amanda Richdale , Mirko Uljarevic , Cheryl Dissanayake , Andrea C. Samson (2018). Emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder: Where we are and where we need to go . Autism Research, 11(7), 962-978. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1968 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2839700533

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
7. Kristin D. Neff , Christopher K. Germer (2013). A Pilot Study and Randomized Controlled Trial of the Mindful Self‐Compassion Program . Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28-44. Wiley.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21923 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1818077811

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
8. Matthias Berking , Brian Whitley (2014). Affect Regulation Training . Springer New York.

   Type: Book DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1022-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2491831709

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
9. Kurt Kroenke , Robert L. Spitzer , Janet B. W. Williams (2001). The PHQ-9 . Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606-613. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

   Type: Article DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2132322340

   Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
10. Ulli Zessin , Oliver Dickhäuser , Sven Garbade (2015). The Relationship Between Self‐Compassion and Well‐Being: A Meta‐Analysis . Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 7(3), 340-364. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12051 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1823723010

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
11. Monique Botha *Autistic author. Learn more… , Bridget Dibb , David M. Frost (2022). Autism is me”: an investigation of how autistic individuals make sense of autism and stigma . Disabil Soc, 37(3), 427-453. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2020.1822782 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3092648145

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
12. Nicholas T. Van Dam , Sean C. Sheppard , John P. Forsyth , Mitch Earleywine (2011). Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression . Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(1), 123-130. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.011 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2084103905

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
13. Lisa M. Yarnell , Rose E. Stafford , Kristin D. Neff , Erin D. Reilly , Marissa C. Knox , Michael Mullarkey (2015). Meta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Self-Compassion . Self and Identity, 14(5), 499-520. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1977577845

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
14. Lydia Brown , Emma E. Houston , Hermioni L. Amonoo , Christina Bryant (2021). Is Self-compassion Associated with Sleep Quality? A Meta-analysis . Mindfulness, 12(1), 82-91. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01498-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3087599090

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
15. Amy Finlay‐Jones , Robert Kane , Clare Rees (2017). Self‐Compassion Online: A Pilot Study of an Internet‐Based Self‐Compassion Cultivation Program for Psychology Trainees . Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(7), 797-816. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22375 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2542835748

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
16. Kim L. Gratz , Lizabeth Roemer (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/b:joba.0000007455.08539.94 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2017039362

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
17. (n.d.). Cai R. Y. (in press). A commentary on backdraft in self-compassion: An overlooked yet vital research focus. Mindfulness.

    Type: Other

    Crossref
18. Elisa Inwood , Madeleine Ferrari (2018). Mechanisms of Change in the Relationship between Self‐Compassion, Emotion Regulation, and Mental Health: A Systematic Review . Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 10(2), 215-235. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12127 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2801257768

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
19. S. Knappe , J. Klotsche , A. Strobel , R.T. LeBeau , M.G. Craske , H.-U. Wittchen et al. (2013). Dimensional anxiety scales for DSM-5: Sensitivity to clinical severity . European Psychiatry, 28(7), 448-456. Cambridge University Press (CUP).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.02.001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2054907019

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
20. Ru Ying Cai , Lydia Brown (2021). Cultivating Self-Compassion to Improve Mental Health in Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 3(3), 230-237. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2020.0034 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3099379344

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
21. Michelle McArthur , Caroline Mansfield , Susan Matthew , Sanaa Zaki , Conor Brand , Jena Andrews et al. (2017). Resilience in Veterinary Students and the Predictive Role of Mindfulness and Self-Compassion . Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 44(1), 106-115. University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0116-027r1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2589064797

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
22. Paul Gilbert (2014). The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy . British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 6-41. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12043 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2060224295

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
23. Ru Ying Cai , vicki gibbs , Abigail Love , Ainslie Robinson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Lawrence K. Fung , Lydia Brown (2023). “Self-compassion changed my life”: The self-compassion experiences of autistic and non-autistic adults and its relationship with mental health and psychological wellbeing . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(3), 1066-1081. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05668-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4288707166

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
24. Jane E. Dutton , Monica C. Worline , Peter J. Frost , Jacoba Lilius (2006). Explaining Compassion Organizing . Administrative Science Quarterly, 51(1), 59-96. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.2189/asqu.51.1.59 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2132999934

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
25. Chad T. Wetterneck , Eric B. Lee , Angela H. Smith , John M. Hart (2013). Courage, self-compassion, and values in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder . Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2(3-4), 68-73. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.09.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2061598452

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
26. Ru Ying Cai , Abigail Love , Ainslie Robinson *Autistic author. Learn more… , vicki gibbs (2023). The Inter-Relationship of Emotion Regulation, Self-Compassion, and Mental Health in Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 5(3), 335-342. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2022.0068 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4318486647

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
27. Paul Gilbert , Francisca Catarino , Cristiana Duarte , Marcela Matos , Russell Kolts , James Stubbs et al. (2017). The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others . Journal of Compassionate Health Care, 4(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s40639-017-0033-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2609277977

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
28. Regina Conti (2015). Compassionate Parenting as a Key to Satisfaction, Efficacy and Meaning Among Mothers of Children with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(7), 2008-2018. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2360-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2079314893

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
29. Elizabeth Pellicano , Unsa Fatima , Gabrielle Hall *Autistic author. Learn more… , Melanie Heyworth *Autistic author. Learn more… , Wenn Lawson *Autistic author. Learn more… , Rozanna Lilley et al. (2022). A capabilities approach to understanding and supporting autistic adulthood . Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(11), 624-639. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s44159-022-00099-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4294631565

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
30. Kevin Ka Shing Chan , John Chi-Kin Lee , Eric Kwan Wai Yu , Arita W. Y. Chan , Angel Nga Man Leung , Rebecca Y. M. Cheung et al. (2022). The Impact of Compassion from Others and Self-compassion on Psychological Distress, Flourishing, and Meaning in Life Among University Students . Mindfulness, 13(6), 1490-1498. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12671-022-01891-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4229050745

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
31. Seonaid Cleare , Andrew Gumley , Rory C. O’Connor (2019). Self‐compassion, self‐forgiveness, suicidal ideation, and self‐harm: A systematic review . Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 26(5), 511-530. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2372 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2942818411

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
32. Sara Cibralic , Jane Kohlhoff , Nancy Wallace , Catherine McMahon , Valsamma Eapen (2019). A systematic review of emotion regulation in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 68, 101422. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101422 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2969583568

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
33. Ruth B Grossman (2015). Judgments of social awkwardness from brief exposure to children with and without high-functioning autism . Autism, 19(5), 580-587. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361314536937 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2114929102

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
34. Grace Trundle , Katy A. Jones , Danielle Ropar , Vincent Egan (2023). Prevalence of Victimisation in Autistic Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(4), 2282-2296. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/15248380221093689 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4229017466

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
35. Ruth Tennant , Louise Hiller , Ruth Fishwick , Stephen Platt , Stephen Joseph , Scott Weich et al. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation . Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5(1), 63. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-5-63 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2123552131

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
36. Noah Sasson , Daniel J. Faso , Jack Nugent , Sarah Lovell , Daniel P. Kennedy , Ruth B. Grossman (2017). Neurotypical Peers are Less Willing to Interact with Those with Autism based on Thin Slice Judgments . Scientific Reports, 7(1), 40700. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/srep40700 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2585989266

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
37. Jon Kabat-Zinn (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/clipsy.bpg016 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2124126925

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
38. Jacquiline den Houting *Autistic author. Learn more… , Julianne M. Higgins *Autistic author. Learn more… , Kathy Isaacs *Autistic author. Learn more… , Joanne Mahony *Autistic author. Learn more… , Elizabeth Pellicano (2022). From ivory tower to inclusion: Stakeholders’ experiences of community engagement in Australian autism research . Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 876990. Frontiers Media SA.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.876990 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4293047542

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project AutiHub · Documentation center Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
39. Meng-Chuan Lai , Simon Baron-Cohen (2015). Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions . The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(11), 1013. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00277-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2128937542

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
40. Alice Diedrich , Julian Burger , Mareike Kirchner , Matthias Berking (2017). Adaptive emotion regulation mediates the relationship between self‐compassion and depression in individuals with unipolar depression . Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 90(3), 247-263. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/papt.12107 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2531490513

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
41. Kerrianne E Morrison , Kilee M. DeBrabander , Daniel J Faso , Noah Sasson (2019). Variability in first impressions of autistic adults made by neurotypical raters is driven more by characteristics of the rater than by characteristics of autistic adults . Autism, 23(7), 1817-1829. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318824104 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2922100205

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
42. Rosa A. Hoekstra , Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen , Sally Wheelwright , Meike Bartels , Dorret I. Boomsma , Simon Baron-Cohen et al. (2011). The Construction and Validation of an Abridged Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-Short) . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(5), 589-596. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1073-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2130501331

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
43. Chris Edwards *Autistic author. Learn more… , vicki gibbs , Abigail Love , Lydia Brown , Ru Ying Cai (2024). A qualitative exploration of an autism-specific self-compassion program: The ASPAA . Autism, 28(6), 1419-1430. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613241234097 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4392128002

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
44. Erin G. Mistretta , Mary C. Davis (2022). Meta-analysis of Self-compassion Interventions for Pain and Psychological Symptoms Among Adults with Chronic Illness . Mindfulness, 13(2), 267-284. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12671-021-01766-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3205948150

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
45. Madeleine Ferrari , Caroline Hunt , Ashish Harrysunker , Maree J. Abbott , Alissa P. Beath , Danielle A. Einstein (2019). Self-Compassion Interventions and Psychosocial Outcomes: a Meta-Analysis of RCTs . Mindfulness, 10(8), 1455-1473. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12671-019-01134-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2940104235

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
46. Angus MacBeth , Andrew Gumley (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology . Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545-552. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2165275598

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
47. KRISTIN D. NEFF (2003). The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion . Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250. Informa UK Limited.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/15298860309027 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2166272087

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
48. Clara Strauss , Billie Lever Taylor , Jenny Gu , Willem Kuyken , Ruth Baer , Fergal Jones et al. (2016). What is compassion and how can we measure it? A review of definitions and measures . Clinical Psychology Review, 47, 15-27. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2395884151

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
49. Sebastian B. Gaigg , Paul E Flaxman , Gracie McLaven , Ritika Shah , Dermot Bowler , Brenda Meyer et al. (2020). Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools . Autism, 24(4), 867-883. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361320909184 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3014587805

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
50. John Galvin , Gareth Richards (2023). The indirect effect of self-compassion in the association between autistic traits and anxiety/depression: A cross-sectional study in autistic and non-autistic adults . Autism, 27(5), 1256-1270. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613221132109 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4308368304

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
51. vicki gibbs , Elizabeth Pellicano (2023). ‘Maybe we just seem like easy targets’: A qualitative analysis of autistic adults’ experiences of interpersonal violence . Autism, 27(7), 2021-2034. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613221150375 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4317868786

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
52. István Tóth-Király , Kristin D. Neff (2021). Is Self-Compassion Universal? Support for the Measurement Invariance of the Self-Compassion Scale Across Populations . Assessment, 28(1), 169-185. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1073191120926232 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3029105539

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
53. Darren Hedley , Mirko Uljarevic (2018). Systematic Review of Suicide in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Trends and Implications . Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 5(1), 65-76. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40474-018-0133-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2788605551

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
54. Kristin Neff , Christopher Germer (2022). The role of self‐compassion in psychotherapy . World Psychiatry, 21(1), 58-59. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/wps.20925 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4205147230

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
55. Shattell Mona , Johnson Angela (2018). Mindful Self-Compassion: How it Can Enhance Resilience . Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 56(1), 15-17. SLACK, Inc..

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20171219-01 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2783324218

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
56. Meng-Chuan Lai , Caroline Kassee , Richard Besney , Sarah Bonato , Laura Hull , Will Mandy et al. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 819. Elsevier BV.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30289-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2936336589

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
57. Felicity A. Jefferson , Alice Shires , John McAloon (2020). Parenting Self-compassion: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis . Mindfulness, 11(9), 2067-2088. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01401-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3036272765

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
58. Will Mandy (2022). Six ideas about how to address the autism mental health crisis . Autism, 26(2), 289-292. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211067928 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4210731441

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
59. Kristin D. Neff , István Tóth-Király , Lisa M. Yarnell , Kohki Arimitsu , Paula Castilho , Nima Ghorbani et al. (2019). Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 20 diverse samples: Support for use of a total score and six subscale scores. Psychological Assessment, 31(1), 27. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/pas0000629 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2888066044

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
60. Rinita Mazumder , Sandra Hodgetts (2019). Stigmatization of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders and their Families: a Scoping Study . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 6(1), 96-107. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40489-018-00156-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2909383864

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
61. Alice Turnock , Kate Langley , Catherine RG Jones (2022). Understanding stigma in autism: a narrative review and theoretical model . Autism Adulthood, 4(1), 76. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4214570045

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
62. Brad Shuck , Meera Alagaraja , Jason Immekus , Denise Cumberland , Maryanne Honeycutt‐Elliott (2019). Does Compassion Matter in Leadership? A Two‐Stage Sequential Equal Status Mixed Method Exploratory Study of Compassionate Leader Behavior and Connections to Performance in Human Resource Development . Human Resource Development Quarterly, 30(4), 537-564. Wiley.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/hrdq.21369 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2963892154

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
63. Rachelle Pullmer , Shannon L. Zaitsoff , Jennifer S. Coelho (2019). Self-Compassion and Eating Pathology in Female Adolescents with Eating Disorders: The Mediating Role of Psychological Distress . Mindfulness, 10(12), 2716-2723. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s12671-019-01254-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2989337475

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
64. Claude-Hélène Mayer , Rudolf M. Oosthuizen (2020). Sense of Coherence, Compassionate Love and Coping in International Leaders during the Transition into the Fourth Industrial Revolution . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2829. MDPI AG.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082829 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3016735868

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
65. Rosemarie B Wilson , Andrew R. Thompson , Georgina Rowse , Richard Smith , Amber-Sophie Dugdale , Megan Freeth (2023). Autistic women’s experiences of self-compassion after receiving their diagnosis in adulthood . Autism, 27(5), 1336-1347. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613221136752 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4308999950

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
66. Brianne Redquest , Ami Tint , Laura St. John , Sue Hutton , Pamela Palmer *Autistic author. Learn more… , Yona Lunsky (2022). Virtual group-based mindfulness program for autistic women: A feasibility study . Women's Health, 18, 17455057221142369-17455057221142369. SAGE Publications.

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/17455057221142369 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4312735481

    AutiHub · Autistic Autism Scholarship Project Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
67. David Watson , Lee Anna Clark , Auke Tellegen (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. American Psychological Association (APA).

    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4292994367

    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
68. Warren R. (2006). bibr63-13623613241235061 Current Psychiatry, 15(12), 19.

    Type: Other

    Crossref