In their own words: The impact of subtle language and communication difficulties as described by autistic girls and boys without intellectual disability

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. The publication reports one autistic author, without identifying them by name.

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref OpenCitations
Learn more about the sources used

Sturrock, A., Chilton, H., Foy, K., Freed, J., & Adams, C. (2021). In their own words: The impact of subtle language and communication difficulties as described by autistic girls and boys without intellectual disability. Autism, 26(2), 332-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211002047

Publication date: 22 Jul 2021 Added to AutiHub: 19 Oct 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
5
Autistic authors reported by the publication
1
  1. Alexandra Sturrock
  2. Helen Chilton
  3. Katie Foy
  4. Jenny Freed
  5. Catherine Adams

Abstract

Subtle language and communication difficulties are persistent and pervasive for autistic individuals without intellectual disability. They are thought to impact negatively on functionality, social interrelations and emotional well-being, although this relationship is under-explored in the literature. The personal accounts of autistic children could add valuable insight into how they experience subtle language and communication difficulties and what impact this has on their daily lives. In this study, 12 autistic children (9–14 years), without intellectual disability, were interviewed on this topic, using specially developed methods/materials to facilitate rich self-reporting. Results showed the children could provide detailed insight into their difficulties and the impact of these on key aspects of functionality (education and daily living) and social interrelations (including friendship building). They also demonstrated a potentially bi-directional relationship between subtle language and communication difficulties and negative emotions; with negative emotions limiting communicative competence and subtle linguistic difficulties leading to negative emotional responses. This study indicates the need for further investigation into the subtle difficulties experienced by autistic children without intellectual disability and its likely impact. Implications for clinical practice include the need for better identification of subtle language and communication difficulties and provision of appropriate therapeutic services which may help to ameliorate negative functional, social and emotional sequelae. Lay abstract Subtle language and communication difficulties are experienced by many autistic individuals even when they do not have additional learning disabilities. These difficulties may affect a person’s day-to-day living, social relationships and emotional well-being. However, currently, there is not much research into this topic. To date, no one has asked autistic children about their own language and communication difficulties or how they feel it affects them. Asking the children could provide valuable new insights. In this study, 12 autistic children (9–14 years), without learning disability, were interviewed on this topic. We developed interview questions, resources and interview procedures with the support of the autistic community. We also worked with an autistic researcher to analyse our results. We aimed to get the most genuine report of the autistic child’s experiences. Our results showed that the children could give detailed insight into their language and communication difficulties if they were given the right support. They told us about how subtle language and communication difficulties affected their ability to learn, take part in certain activities and seek help. They talked about how subtle difficulties affect their ability to talk to new people, talk in groups and ultimately make friends. They also told us about the emotional upset that these subtle difficulties could have. They suggest that communication breakdown leads to negative feelings, but also that negative feelings can lead to more difficulties explaining themselves. The results of this study suggest that we should do more research on the effects of subtle language and communication difficulties. There are also implications for clinical practice. We should identify subtle language and communication difficulties through thorough assessment because these are often missed. We should also develop therapy and strategies that are aimed at individuals with subtle language and communication difficulties because this could help prevent additional difficulties with learning, help-seeking, friendship-making and emotional well-being.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 27 Oct 2026 09:28.

Cited references
59
With a DOI
54
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
5
3 / 59 (5.1%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
2 / 59 (3.4%)
References with detected author names
58 / 59 (98.3%)
Without detected author names
1
Without a structured title
2
Without a stable identifier
5
References with raw author names still to review
1
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
213
From DOI or external metadata
213
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
1
81 / 213 (38.0%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 132 / 213 (62.0%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
3 / 213 (1.4%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 3 / 81 (3.7%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 3 / 194 (1.5%).
  1. Maureen Dennis , Anne L. Lazenby , Linda Lockyer (2001). Inferential Language in High-Function Children with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 47-54. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1023/a:1005661613288 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1595651493
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. Catherine Adams , Jonathan Green , Anne Gilchrist , Anthony Cox (2002). Conversational behaviour of children with Asperger syndrome and conduct disorder . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(5), 679-690. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1469-7610.00056 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2128188837
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Ann X. Huang , Tammy L. Hughes , Lawrence R. Sutton , Marissa Lawrence , Xiaohan Chen , Zhe Ji et al. (2017). Understanding the Self in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): A Review of Literature . Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1422-1422. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01422 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2750388080
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. K. O’Connor (2012). Auditory processing in autism spectrum disorder: A review . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(2), 836-854. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.11.008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1963833174
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Mike Allen , John Bourhis (1996). The relationship of communication apprehension to communication behavior: A meta‐analysis . Communication Quarterly, 44(2), 214-226. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/01463379609370011 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2099790979
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Joshua J. Diehl , Loisa Bennetto , Edna Carter Young (2006). Story Recall and Narrative Coherence of High-Functioning Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(1), 83-98. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10802-005-9003-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2050900245
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Michael Siller , Meghan R Swanson , Gayle Serlin , Ann G. Teachworth (2014). Internal state language in the storybook narratives of children with and without autism spectrum disorder: Investigating relations to theory of mind abilities . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 8(5), 589-596. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2014.02.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1964065024
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Attwood T. (2006). Asperger’s and girls . Asperger’s and girls.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  9. Subin Park , Soo-Churl Cho , In Hee Cho , Boong-Nyun Kim , Jae-Won Kim , Min-Sup Shin et al. (2012). Sex differences in children with autism spectrum disorders compared with their unaffected siblings and typically developing children . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(2), 861-870. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2011.11.006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1999272112
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Soile Loukusa , Irma Moilanen (2009). Pragmatic inference abilities in individuals with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. A review . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(4), 890-904. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2009.05.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2080131818
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. Inge‐Marie Eigsti , Loisa Bennetto , Mamta B. Dadlani (2007). Beyond Pragmatics: Morphosyntactic Development in Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(6), 1007-1023. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0239-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1969987452
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Chris Barker , Nancy Pistrang (2005). Quality Criteria Under Methodological Pluralism: Implications for Conducting and Evaluating Research . American Journal of Community Psychology, 35(3-4), 201-212. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10464-005-3398-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1993390700
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Jessica A. Jonikas , Dennis D. Grey , Mary Ellen Copeland , Lisa A. Razzano , Marie M. Hamilton , Carol Bailey Floyd et al. (2013). Improving Propensity for Patient Self-Advocacy Through Wellness Recovery Action Planning: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial . Community Mental Health Journal, 49(3), 260-269. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10597-011-9475-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1972019212
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Nirit Bauminger , Connie Kasari (2000). Loneliness and Friendship in High-Functioning Children with Autism . Child Development, 71(2), 447-456. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/1467-8624.00156 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2007157474
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Felicity Sedgewick , Vivian Hill , Rhiannon Yates , Leanne Pickering , Elizabeth Pellicano (2016). Gender Differences in the Social Motivation and Friendship Experiences of Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescents . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1297-1306. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2669-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2199714476
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. R. Peter Hobson , Rosa M. García-Pérez , Amanda Lee (2010). Person-Centred (Deictic) Expressions and Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(4), 403-415. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0882-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1977103171
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Lauren Bishop-Fitzpatrick , Carla Mazefsky , Shaun M. Eack , Nancy J. Minshew (2017). Correlates of social functioning in autism spectrum disorder: The role of social cognition . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 35, 25-34. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2016.11.013 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2565992085
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Christina Kauschke , Bettina van der Beek , Inge Kamp-Becker (2016). Narratives of Girls and Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Gender Differences in Narrative Competence and Internal State Language . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(3), 840. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2620-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2283429739
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Nicola Botting , Catherine Adams (2005). Semantic and inferencing abilities in children with communication disorders . International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 40(1), 49-66. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13682820410001723390 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1992138294
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. (n.d.). Blume H. (1998, September 30). Neuro-diversity: On the neurological under-pinnings of geekdom. The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1998/09/neurodiversity/5909
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  23. Nancy Eisenberg , Adrienne Sadovsky , Tracy L. Spinrad (2005). Associations of emotion-related regulation with language skills, emotion knowledge, and academic outcomes . New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2005(109), 109-118. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/cd.143 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2147711087
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Satu Saalasti , Tuulia Lepistö , Esko Toppila , Teija Kujala , Minna Laakso , Taina Nieminen-von Wendt et al. (2008). Language Abilities of Children with Asperger Syndrome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(8), 1574-1580. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0540-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1992813719
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Hye Kyeung Seung (2007). Linguistic characteristics of individuals with high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome . Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 21(4), 247-259. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/02699200701195081 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2155635206
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Lynsey Calder , Vivian Hill , Elizabeth Pellicano (2013). ‘Sometimes I want to play by myself’: Understanding what friendship means to children with autism in mainstream primary schools . Autism, 17(3), 296-316. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361312467866 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2073421628
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Lorna Goddard , Barbara Dritschel , Patricia Howlin (2014). A Preliminary Study of Gender Differences in Autobiographical Memory in Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(9), 2087-2095. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2109-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2012743756
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Mark A. Casteel , Greg B. Simpson (1991). Textual coherence and the development of inferential generation skills . Journal of Research in Reading, 14(2), 116-129. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9817.1991.tb00013.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2106808519
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Michelle Dean , Gail Fox Adams , Connie Kasari (2013). How narrative difficulties build peer rejection: A discourse analysis of a girl with autism and her female peers . Discourse Studies, 15(2), 147-166. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1461445612471472 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2001982120
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. The Pathways in ASD Study Team , Olivia Conlon , Joanne Volden , Isabel Smith , Eric Duku , Lonnie Zwaigenbaum et al. (2019). Gender Differences in Pragmatic Communication in School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 1937. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-03873-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2910193382
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Rhea Paul , Stephanie Miles Orlovski , Hillary Chuba Marcinko , Fred Volkmar (2009). Conversational Behaviors in Youth with High-functioning ASD and Asperger Syndrome . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 115-125. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-008-0607-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2159906838
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Martin Holtmann , Sven Bölte , Fritz Poustka (2007). Autism spectrum disorders: sex differences in autistic behaviour domains and coexisting psychopathology . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49(5), 361-366. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00361.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2014770315
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Yoko Kamio , Diana Robins , Elizabeth Kelley , Brook Swainson , Deborah Fein (2007). Atypical Lexical/Semantic Processing in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders without Early Language Delay . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(6), 1116-1122. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0254-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2018445037
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Anne-Marie R. DePape , Geoffrey B. C. Hall , Barbara Tillmann , Laurel J. Trainor (2012). Auditory Processing in High-Functioning Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder . PLoS ONE, 7(9), e44084. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044084 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2050650787
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Katherine Gotham , Steven M. Brunwasser , Catherine Lord (2015). Depressive and Anxiety Symptom Trajectories From School Age Through Young Adulthood in Samples With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Developmental Delay . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(5), 369-376.e3. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.02.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2049028231
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Jeroen Dewinter , Hanna Van Parys , Robert Vermeiren , Chijs van Nieuwenhuizen (2017). Adolescent boys with an autism spectrum disorder and their experience of sexuality: An interpretative phenomenological analysis . Autism, 21(1), 75-82. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315627134 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2295757656
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Elizabeth Kelley , Jennifer J. Paul , Deborah Fein , Letitia R. Naigles (2006). Residual Language Deficits in Optimal Outcome Children with a History of Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(6), 807-828. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-006-0111-4 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2127393345
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Svenny Kopp , Christopher Gillberg (1992). Girls with social deficits and learning problems: Autism, atypical Asperger syndrome or a variant of these conditions . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1(2), 89-99. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf02091791 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2057984091
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Katie Howard , Napoleon Katsos , Jenny Gibson (2019). Using interpretative phenomenological analysis in autism research . Autism, 23(7), 1871-1876. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318823902 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2913614870
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Meng-Chuan Lai , Michael Lombardo , Bonnie Auyeung , Bhismadev Chakrabarti , S. Baron-Cohen (2015). Sex/gender differences and autism: setting the scene for future research . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(1), 11. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.10.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2069328123
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Jonathan Smith , Virginia Eatough (2007). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis . In Analysing Qualitative Data in Psychology (pp. 35-50). SAGE Publications, Ltd.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.4135/9781446207536.d10 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4300257067
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Laura Hull , William Mandy , K.V. Petrides (2017). Behavioural and cognitive sex/gender differences in autism spectrum condition and typically developing males and females . Autism, 21(6), 706-727. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316669087 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2620634929
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Paul C. McCabe (2005). Social and behavioral correlates of preschoolers with specific language impairment . Psychology in the Schools, 42(4), 373-387. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/pits.20064 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2076764863
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Gould J (2011). bibr23-13623613211002047 Good Autism Practice (GAP), 12(1), 34.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  46. Matthew L. Newman , Carla J. Groom , Lori D. Handelman , James W. Pennebaker (2008). Gender Differences in Language Use: An Analysis of 14,000 Text Samples . Discourse Processes, 45(3), 211. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/01638530802073712 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2139875525
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Megan M. Griffin , Julie Lounds Taylor , Richard C. Urbano , Robert M. Hodapp (2014). Involvement in Transition Planning Meetings Among High School Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders . The Journal of Special Education, 47(4), 256-264. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0022466913475668 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2135015320
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Alexandra M Head , Jane A McGillivray , Mark A Stokes (2014). Gender differences in emotionality and sociability in children with autism spectrum disorders . Molecular Autism, 5(1), 19. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-19 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2107817359
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Matthew Hollocks , Catherine R G Jones , Andrew Pickles , Gillian Baird , Francesca Happé , Tony Charman et al. (2014). The Association Between Social Cognition and Executive Functioning and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders . Autism Research, 7(2), 216-228. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1361 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2100273199
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Felicity Sedgewick , Vivian Hill , Elizabeth Pellicano (2019). ‘It’s different for girls’: Gender differences in the friendships and conflict of autistic and neurotypical adolescents . Autism, 23(5), 1119-1132. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318794930 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2894712382
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Meng-Chuan Lai , Michael Lombardo , Greg Pasco , Amber Ruigrok , Sally J. Wheelwright , Susan A. Sadek et al. (2011). A Behavioral Comparison of Male and Female Adults with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Conditions . PLoS ONE, 6(6), e20835. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020835 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2148661798
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Mitzi Waltz , Karin van den Bosch , Hannah Ebben , Lineke van Hal , Alice Schippers (2015). Autism self-advocacy in the Netherlands: past, present and future . Disability & Society, 30(8), 1174-1191. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2015.1090954 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2204082832
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Michael Larkin (2012). Qualitative research methods in mental health and psychotherapy . Qualitative research methods in mental health and psychotherapy, 101.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  54. Siobhan Tierney , Jan Burns , Elizabeth Kilbey (2016). Looking behind the mask: Social coping strategies of girls on the autistic spectrum . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23(Suppl. C), 73-83. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2015.11.013 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2252057154
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Sarah Levinson , Abbey Eisenhower , Hillary Hurst Bush , Alice S. Carter , Jan Blacher (2020). Brief Report: Predicting Social Skills from Semantic, Syntactic, and Pragmatic Language Among Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(11), 4165-4175. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04445-z OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3013906955
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. Nichols S. (2009). Girls growing up on the autism spectrum: What parents and professionals should know about the pre-teen and teenage years . Girls growing up on the autism spectrum: What parents and professionals should know about the pre-teen and teenage years.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  57. Gleeson, Kate , Frith, Hannah (2011). Qualitative Research Methods in Mental Health and Psychotherapy . Wiley.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1002/9781119973249 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2782628242
    OpenAlex
  58. Alexandra Sturrock , Natalie Yau , Jenny Freed , Catherine Adams (2020). Speaking the Same Language? A Preliminary Investigation, Comparing the Language and Communication Skills of Females and Males with High-Functioning Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(5), 1639-1656. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-03920-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2913746755
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Alexandra Sturrock , Antonia Marsden , Catherine Adams , Jenny Freed (2020). Observational and Reported Measures of Language and Pragmatics in Young People with Autism: A Comparison of Respondent Data and Gender Profiles . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(3), 812. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04288-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2988381309
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations