Narrative Review of Catatonia in Psychosis and Eating Disorders: Common Intersections and Treatment Considerations

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref BibTeX
Learn more about the sources used

Elwyn, R. (2026). Narrative Review of Catatonia in Psychosis and Eating Disorders: Common Intersections and Treatment Considerations. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 20(7), e70187-e70187. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.70187

Publication date: 23 Jun 2026 Added to AutiHub: 29 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) Full text OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
1
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 1 (100.0%)
  1. Rosiel Elwyn *

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Eating disorders (ED) and psychosis/psychotic‐spectrum disorders (PSD) have overlapping symptoms and may co‐occur in a variety of presentations. Due to its debilitating and life‐threatening risk, it is important for clinicians to be aware of how catatonia may present within these co‐occurrences. Method A narrative review was conducted of catatonic presentations in individuals with co‐occurring EDs and psychosis, using the databases Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, ProQuest and PsychInfo. Results This article reviews and summarises the 10 cases found in the literature, and explores critical considerations within ED‐psychosis co‐occurrence, including the author's lived experience insight into experiencing catatonia within co‐occurring ED‐psychosis. In 9 out of 10 cases, catatonia occurred during adolescence (ages 13–24). Fifty percent of cases involved stressful or traumatic events as a precipitant to catatonia emergence. Autistic individuals with EDs may be particularly vulnerable to catatonic symptoms. In most cases, catatonic symptoms responded to lorazepam treatment or a combination of lorazepam and other medications such as antipsychotics, although tube‐feeding was also required in some cases. Conclusion This review discusses key factors and intersections that are highly relevant to individuals vulnerable to EDs and psychosis (i.e., malnutrition, trauma, autism, bipolar disorder, OCD). Catatonic symptoms may be mistaken for ED symptoms, delaying early treatment in individuals with ED. Consideration of catatonic presentations and trauma‐informed and neurodivergent‐affirming treatment practices are recommended.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 01:01.

Cited references
214
With a DOI
186
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
28
13 / 214 (6.1%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
8 / 214 (3.7%)
References with detected author names
206 / 214 (96.3%)
Without detected author names
8
Without a structured title
8
Without a stable identifier
28
References with raw author names still to review
6
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
961
From DOI or external metadata
961
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
6
74 / 961 (7.7%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 887 / 961 (92.3%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
19 / 961 (2.0%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 19 / 74 (25.7%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 9 / 841 (1.1%).
  1. Dirk M. Dhossche , Lee Elizabeth Wachtel , Michal Goetz , Pascal Sienaert (2016). Catatonia in Psychiatric Illnesses . In The Medical Basis of Psychiatry (pp. 517-535). Springer New York.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2528-5_27 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W47197836
    Crossref OpenAlex
  2. Achard M. (2026). Considerations for Neurodivergent Individuals. Eating Disorders: Inpatient Care on Adult Wards, Queensland Health Statewide Guideline . Considerations for Neurodivergent Individuals. Eating Disorders: Inpatient Care on Adult Wards, Queensland Health Statewide Guideline, 67.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  3. Anne F. Gross , Felicia A. Smith , Theodore A. Stern (2008). Dread Complications of Catatonia: A Case Discussion and Review of the Literature . The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 10(02), 153-155. Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.4088/pcc.v10n0210 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1526837769
    Crossref OpenAlex
  4. Jean C Tamayo Acosta , Ariel Sosa Gomez , Leonel Gonzalez Diaz , Grecia Rivera Rodriguez , Marjorie Acosta Guillot (2022). Management of Psychosis in the Setting of Binge Eating, Mania, and Extrapyramidal Side Effects . Cureus, 14(7), e26846-e26846. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26846 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4285494654
    Crossref OpenAlex
  5. L L A Isuru , K A L A Kuruppuarachchi (2015). A case series of catatonia: Lessons to learn . Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry, 6(1), 29-31. Sri Lanka Journals Online.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.4038/sljpsyc.v6i1.8059 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1897955669
    Crossref OpenAlex
  6. Leeda Ahmadi , Morris B. Goldman (2020). Primary polydipsia: Update . Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 34(5), 101469. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101469 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3093125508
    Crossref OpenAlex
  7. Samuel H. Bailine , Sonata Petraviciute (2007). Catatonia in Autistic Twins . The Journal of ECT, 23(1), 21-22. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/01.yct.0000263256.06421.7a OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1968182393
    Crossref OpenAlex
  8. Gellan K. Ahmed , Khaled Elbeh , Ahmed A. Karim , Eman M. Khedr (2021). Case Report: Catatonia Associated With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 740436-740436. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.740436 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200298627
    Crossref OpenAlex
  9. Michael Makhinson , Benjamin Albert Furst , Michelle Kristina Shuff , Grace Eun Kwon (2012). Successful Treatment of Co-Occurring Catatonia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder With Concurrent Electroconvulsive Therapy and Benzodiazepine Administration . The Journal of ECT, 28(3), e35-e36. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/yct.0b013e318254c2ea OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1968687592
    Crossref OpenAlex
  10. Alhujaili N. A. (2023). Catatonia and Vitamin B12 Deficiency‐A Hidden Cause? A Review Article . European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 27(8), 3294.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  11. Gordon Parker , Georgia McClure , Amelia Paterson (2015). Melancholia and Catatonia: Disorders or Specifiers? Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(1), 536-536. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0536-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1970685614
    Crossref OpenAlex
  12. Sarah Naz Ali , Lydia A. Bazzano (2018). Hyponatremia in Association With Second-Generation Antipsychotics: A Systematic Review of Case Reports . Ochsner Journal, 18(3), 230-235. Ochsner Journal.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.31486/toj.17.0059 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2893201414
    Crossref OpenAlex
  13. Andrei A Novac , Daniela Bota , Joanne Witkowski , Jorge Lipiz , Robert G Bota (2014). Special Medical Conditions Associated with Catatonia in the Internal Medicine Setting: Hyponatremia-Inducing Psychosis and Subsequent Catatonia . The Permanente Journal, 18(3), 78-81. The Permanente Federation.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.7812/tpp/13-143 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1975595947
    Crossref OpenAlex
  14. Annor E. (2025). Prolonged Catatonia and Severe Malnutrition in Adolescents Following Bullying‐Triggered Stress: A Dual Case Report . Cureus, 17(5).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  15. Michal Goetz , Eva Kitzlerova , Michal Hrdlicka , Dirk Dhossche (2013). Combined Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy and Amantadine in Adolescent Catatonia Precipitated by Cyber-Bullying . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 23(3), 228-231. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/cap.2012.0045 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1975966719
    Crossref OpenAlex
  16. F. Askenazy , E. Dor , M. Benoit , G. Dupuis , S. Serret , M. Myquel et al. (2010). Catatonie chez une adolescente de 14 ans: traitement par clorazépam et carbamazépine et évolution à dix ans . L'Encéphale, 36(1), 46-53. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2009.01.006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2025571524
    Crossref OpenAlex
  17. R. C. Turnbull (1921). Short Notes and Clinical Cases: A CASE OF CATATONIA. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, s1-2(6), 154-158. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.s1-2.6.154 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1989516548
    Crossref OpenAlex
  18. Wanlop Atsariyasing , Morris B. Goldman (2014). A systematic review of the ability of urine concentration to distinguish antipsychotic- from psychosis-induced hyponatremia . Psychiatry Research, 217(3), 129-133. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.03.021 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2062823392
    Crossref OpenAlex
  19. Luigi Mazzone , Valentina Postorino , Giovanni Valeri , Stefano Vicari (2014). Catatonia in Patients with Autism: Prevalence and Management . CNS Drugs, 28(3), 205-215. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0143-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1994400229
    Crossref OpenAlex
  20. Salma Attar , Jinane Jomaah , Rhéa El Khoury , Colin Cordahi , Maude Seneque , Philippe Courtet et al. (2024). Association between childhood maltreatment and obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbid with eating disorders: a cross-sectional study . Journal of Eating Disorders, 12(1), 135-135. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01090-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4402313251
    Crossref OpenAlex
  21. T. Wolańczyk , J. Komender , A. Brzozowska (1997). Catatonic syndrome preceded by symptoms of anorexia nervosa in a 14-year-old boy with arachnoid cyst . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 6(3), 166-169. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf00538989 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1996447906
    Crossref OpenAlex
  22. Thomas Bailey , Mario Alvarez-Jimenez , Ana M Garcia-Sanchez , Carol Hulbert , Emma Barlow , Sarah Bendall (2018). Childhood Trauma Is Associated With Severity of Hallucinations and Delusions in Psychotic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(5), 1111-1122. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx161 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2781885554
    Crossref OpenAlex
  23. Damien Bram , Maxime Bubrovszky , Jean-Paul Durand , Guillaume Lefevre , Sandrine Morell-Dubois , Guillaume Vaiva (2015). Pernicious anemia presenting as catatonia: correlating vitamin B12 levels and catatonic symptoms . General Hospital Psychiatry, 37(3), 273.e5-273.e7. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.02.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2002893333
    Crossref OpenAlex
  24. George Konstantakopoulos , Eleytheria Varsou , Dimitris Dikeos , Nikoleta Ioannidi , Fragiskos Gonidakis , George Papadimitriou et al. (2012). Delusionality of body image beliefs in eating disorders . Psychiatry Research, 200(2-3), 482-488. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.023 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2014077232
    Crossref OpenAlex
  25. Massimo Ballerini , Eleonora Rossi , Emanuele Cassioli , Livio Tarchi , Carlo Marchesi , Matteo Tonna et al. (2024). Psychotic‐like anomalous self‐experiences in feeding and eating disorders: Their role in eating psychopathology through the mediation of body uneasiness and embodiment and identity disorders . Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 18(11), 901-911. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/eip.13527 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4394784486
    Crossref OpenAlex
  26. F.M.M.A. van der Heijden , S. Tuinier , N.J.M. Arts , M.L.C. Hoogendoorn , R.S. Kahn , W.M.A. Verhoeven (2005). Catatonia: Disappeared or Under-Diagnosed? Psychopathology, 38(1), 3-8. S. Karger AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1159/000083964 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2019542000
    Crossref OpenAlex
  27. Zachary Bean , Nitin Vidyasagar , Victoria Ogunniyi , Nicholas LoRocco , Shivani Kumar , Marie Tobin (2025). Differentiating Punding From Catatonia-Related Stereotypy: Why Care? Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 36(1-2), 66-67. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/10401237251344107 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4414130394
    Crossref OpenAlex
  28. Marije Swets , Jack Dekker , Katelijne van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen , Geert E. Smid , Filip Smit , Lieuwe de Haan et al. (2014). The obsessive compulsive spectrum in schizophrenia, a meta-analysis and meta-regression exploring prevalence rates . Schizophrenia Research, 152(2-3), 458-468. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.033 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2021052972
    Crossref OpenAlex
  29. Xavier Benarous , Marie Raffin , Vladimir Ferrafiat , Angèle Consoli , David Cohen (2018). Catatonia in children and adolescents: New perspectives . Schizophrenia Research, 200, 56-67. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.028 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2737982707
    Crossref OpenAlex
  30. R. P. Bentall , S. Wickham , M. Shevlin , F. Varese (2012). Do Specific Early-Life Adversities Lead to Specific Symptoms of Psychosis? A Study from the 2007 The Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey . Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 734-740. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs049 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2151422656
    Crossref OpenAlex
  31. S. Sarró (2009). Transient psychosis in anorexia nervosa: Review and case report . Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 14(2-3), e139-e143. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/bf03327812 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2034918769
    Crossref OpenAlex
  32. Lukas Bergner , Hubertus Himmerich , Kenneth C. Kirkby , Holger Steinberg (2021). Descriptions of Disordered Eating in German Psychiatric Textbooks, 1803–2017 . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 504157-504157. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.504157 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3118907545
    Crossref OpenAlex
  33. Mark Shevlin , Martin Dorahy , Gary Adamson (2007). Childhood traumas and hallucinations: An analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey . Journal of Psychiatric Research, 41(3-4), 222-228. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.03.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2038871063
    Crossref OpenAlex
  34. Trever R. Biles , Gautam Anem , Nagy A. Youssef (2021). Should Catatonia Be Conceptualized as a Pathological Response to Trauma? Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 209(5), 320-323. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001300 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3150606589
    Crossref OpenAlex
  35. Adrian Grounds (1982). Transient psychoses in anorexia nervosa: a report of 7 cases . Psychological Medicine, 12(1), 107-113. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0033291700043348 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2055698252
    Crossref OpenAlex
  36. Bojdani E. (2019). Weight Management . Weight Management.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  37. Rachel L. Mountjoy , John F. Farhall , Susan L. Rossell (2014). A phenomenological investigation of overvalued ideas and delusions in clinical and subclinical anorexia nervosa . Psychiatry Research, 220(1-2), 507-512. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.073 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2059668786
    Crossref OpenAlex
  38. Davide Fausto Borrelli , Matti Cervin , Rebecca Ottoni , Carlo Marchesi , Matteo Tonna (2023). Psychotic Vulnerability and its Associations with Clinical Characteristics in Adolescents with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder . Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 51(10), 1535-1548. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01089-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4378782859
    Crossref OpenAlex
  39. Bozkurt H. (2010). Catatonia in a Child With Autistic Disorder . Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 52(4), 435.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  40. Richard J. Perkins (1982). Catatonia: The Ultimate Response to Fear?? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 16(4), 282-287. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3109/00048678209161268 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2067816277
    Crossref OpenAlex
  41. Joanna Quigley , Karen M. Lommel , Barbara Coffey (2009). Catatonia in an Adolescent with Asperger's Disorder . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 19(1), 93-96. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/cap.2009.1913 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2076377208
    Crossref OpenAlex
  42. Andrew Breakwell , Claire Kelly (2024). A Case Report of a 16 Year Old With Catatonia With No Clear Medical or Psychiatric Cause . BJPsych Open, 10(S1), S273-S274. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2024.655 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4401222732
    Crossref OpenAlex
  43. James Scott , David Chant , Gavin Andrews , Graham Martin , John J McGrath (2007). Association between trauma exposure and delusional experiences in a large community-based sample . British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(4), 339-343. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.026708 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2077535715
    Crossref OpenAlex
  44. Martin Brüne (2021). Commentary: Descriptions of Disordered Eating in German Psychiatric Textbooks, 1803 – 2017 . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 669387-669387. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669387 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3155662395
    Crossref OpenAlex
  45. Filippo Varese , Feikje Smeets , Marjan Drukker , Ritsaert Lieverse , Tineke Lataster , Wolfgang Viechtbauer et al. (2012). Childhood Adversities Increase the Risk of Psychosis: A Meta-analysis of Patient-Control, Prospective- and Cross-sectional Cohort Studies . Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 661-671. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs050 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2097940171
    Crossref OpenAlex
  46. Giammarco Cascino , Giovanni Castellini , Giovanni Stanghellini , Valdo Ricca , Emanuele Cassioli , Valeria Ruzzi et al. (2019). The Role of the Embodiment Disturbance in the Anorexia Nervosa Psychopathology: A Network Analysis Study . Brain Sciences, 9(10), 276. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9100276 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2981183831
    Crossref OpenAlex
  47. M. van Nierop , M. Bak , R. de Graaf , M. ten Have , S. van Dorsselaer , Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators et al. (2016). The functional and clinical relevance of childhood trauma‐related admixture of affective, anxious and psychosis symptoms . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 133(2), 91-101. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/acps.12437 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2121654682
    Crossref OpenAlex
  48. Gennaro Catone , Filomena Salerno , Giulia Muzzo , Valentina Lanzara , Antonella Gritti (2021). Association between anorexia nervosa and other specified eating or feeding disorders and paranoia in adolescents: what factors are involved? Rivista di Psichiatria, 56(2), 100-106. Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1708/3594.35768 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3157123554
    Crossref OpenAlex
  49. Lee Elizabeth Wachtel , Margaret Merrie Griffin , Dirk Marcel Dhossche , Irving Michael Reti (2010). Brief report: Electroconvulsive therapy for malignant catatonia in an autistic adolescent . Autism, 14(4), 349-358. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361309350135 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2124240299
    Crossref OpenAlex
  50. Subho Chakrabarti , Navdeep Singh (2022). Psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder and their impact on the illness: A systematic review . World Journal of Psychiatry, 12(9), 1204-1232. Baishideng Publishing Group Inc..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i9.1204 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4296376908
    Crossref OpenAlex
  51. Françoise Cornic , Angèle Consoli , Marie-Laure Tanguy , Olivier Bonnot , Didier Périsse , Sylvie Tordjman et al. (2009). Association of adolescent catatonia with increased mortality and morbidity: Evidence from a prospective follow-up study . Schizophrenia Research, 113(2-3), 233-240. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.021 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2142050212
    Crossref OpenAlex
  52. Edward J. Ciaccio , Anne R. Lee , Jessica Lebovits , Randi L. Wolf , Suzanne K. Lewis , Carolina Ciacci et al. (2024). Psychological, Psychiatric, and Organic Brain Manifestations of Celiac Disease . Digestive Diseases, 42(5), 419-444. S. Karger AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1159/000534219 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4399519251
    Crossref OpenAlex
  53. Fabiola Corbetta , Lucio Tremolizzo , Elisa Conti , Carlo Ferrarese , Francesca Neri , Monica Bomba et al. (2015). Paradoxical increase of plasma vitamin B 12 and folates with disease severity in anorexia nervosa . International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(3), 317-322. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/eat.22371 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2142795757
    Crossref OpenAlex
  54. Emma Clappison , Marios Hadjivassiliou , Panagiotis Zis (2020). Psychiatric Manifestations of Coeliac Disease, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Nutrients, 12(1), 142. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/nu12010142 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2996895189
    Crossref OpenAlex
  55. Sun Young Yum , Giovanni Caracci , Michael Y. Hwang (2009). Schizophrenia and Eating Disorders . Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 32(4), 809-819. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2009.09.004 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2148886529
    Crossref OpenAlex
  56. Clinebell K. (2014). Guidelines for Preventing Common Medical Complications of Catatonia: Case Report and Literature Review . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(6).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  57. Laurence Cobbaert * , Phillipa Hay , Philip B Mitchell , Sabine J. Roza , Iain Perkes (2024). Sensory processing across eating disorders: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of self‐report inventories . International Journal of Eating Disorders, 57(7), 1465-1488. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/eat.24184 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4393041993
    Crossref OpenAlex
  58. Colin A. Ross , Elena Browning (2016). The relationship between catatonia and dissociation: A preliminary investigation . Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(4), 426-434. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2015.1136858 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2237879502
    Crossref OpenAlex
  60. John J McGrath , Sukanta Saha , Ali Al-Hamzawi , Laura Andrade , Corina Benjet , Evelyn J. Bromet et al. (2016). The Bidirectional Associations Between Psychotic Experiences and DSM-IV Mental Disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(10), 997-1006. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15101293 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2299849456
    Crossref OpenAlex
  62. Rozalia Takacs , Zoltan Rihmer (2013). Catatonia in Affective Disorders . Current Psychiatry Reviews, 9(2), 101-105. Bentham Science Publishers Ltd..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2174/1573400511309020003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2329181722
    Crossref OpenAlex
  64. Ai Koyanagi , Andrew Stickley , Josep Maria Haro (2016). Psychotic-like experiences and disordered eating in the English general population . Psychiatry Research, 241, 26-34. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.045 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2340502847
    Crossref OpenAlex
  65. Felix Coid , Jonathan P. Rogers , Aman Saini , Mark A. Oldham (2025). Taking an Evidence-Based Approach to 10 Common Myths About Catatonia: An Educational Review . Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, 66(4), 358-368. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaclp.2025.05.008 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4410845148
    Crossref OpenAlex
  66. Jan Kask , Lisa Ekselius , Lena Brandt , Natasa Kollia , Anders Ekbom , Fotios C. Papadopoulos (2016). Mortality in Women With Anorexia Nervosa: The Role of Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders . Psychosomatic Medicine, 78(8), 910-919. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000342 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2344860696
    Crossref OpenAlex
  67. Jennifer Connell , Mark Oldham , Pratik Pandharipande , Robert S Dittus , Amanda Wilson , Matthew Mart et al. (2023). Malignant Catatonia: A Review for the Intensivist . Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 38(2), 137-150. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/08850666221114303 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4286111624
    Crossref OpenAlex
  68. Sarah E. Dunn , Nadine J. Kaslow , Daniel Cucco , Ann C. Schwartz (2017). Catatonic and Psychotic Symptoms Owing to the Trauma of Captivity in a Cult Environment . Psychosomatics, 58(1), 77-82. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2016.08.011 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2513977278
    Crossref OpenAlex
  69. Joseph J. Cooper , Joan Roig Llesuy (2017). Catatonia Education: Needs Assessment and Brief Online Intervention . Academic Psychiatry, 41(3), 360-363. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40596-016-0632-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2552505912
    Crossref OpenAlex
  70. M. L. Molendijk , H. W. Hoek , T. D. Brewerton , B. M. Elzinga (2017). Childhood maltreatment and eating disorder pathology: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis . Psychological Medicine, 47(8), 1402-1416. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716003561 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2578935374
    Crossref OpenAlex
  71. Andrea Phillipou , Rachel L Mountjoy , Susan Lee Rossell (2017). Overvalued ideas or delusions in anorexia nervosa? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 51(6), 563-564. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0004867417701581 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2604355622
    Crossref OpenAlex
  72. Crespi B. (2019). Autism and Psychosis as Diametrical Disorders of Embodiment . Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, 2019(1), 121.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  73. Soumitra Das , Sakshi Prasad , Palak Atul Fichadia , Abhigan Babu Shrestha , Ozge C. Amuk Williams , Anil Bachu (2022). Recurrent Catatonia due to Episodic Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder . Case Reports in Psychiatry, 2022, 1-6. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1155/2022/2022474
    Crossref
  74. LM Smith , LC Johns , RLC Mitchell (2017). Characterizing the experience of auditory verbal hallucinations and accompanying delusions in individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder: A systematic review . Bipolar Disorders, 19(6), 417-433. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12520 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2750473358
    Crossref OpenAlex
  75. Renaud de Beaurepaire (2021). Binge Eating Disorders in Antipsychotic-Treated Patients With Schizophrenia . Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 41(2), 114-120. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001357 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3132239178
    Crossref OpenAlex
  76. M. Fink , E. Shorter (2017). Does persisting fear sustain catatonia? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 136(5), 441-444. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/acps.12796 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2753741740
    Crossref OpenAlex
  77. Kyle De Young , Angeline Bottera , Evelyna Kambanis , Christopher Mancuso , Kamila Cass , Kristen Lohse et al. (2022). Delusional intensity as a prognostic indicator among individuals with severe to extreme anorexia nervosa hospitalized at an acute medical stabilization program . International Journal of Eating Disorders, 55(2), 215-222. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/eat.23641 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3214688870
    Crossref OpenAlex
  78. Inga Schalinski , Susanne Breinlinger , Vanessa Hirt , Martin H. Teicher , Michael Odenwald , Brigitte Rockstroh (2019). Environmental adversities and psychotic symptoms: The impact of timing of trauma, abuse, and neglect . Schizophrenia Research, 205, 4-9. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.034 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2768212040
    Crossref OpenAlex
  79. Liliana Dell’Osso , Benedetta Nardi , Stefano Pini , Leonardo Massoni , Margarita Pustynnikova , Chiara Bonelli et al. (2026). Borderline personality disorder and eating disorders are characterized by specific patterns of autistic traits, post-traumatic and catatonic symptoms . Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 31(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40519-026-01827-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W7134964141
    Crossref OpenAlex
  80. Marco Solmi , G Giorgio Pigato , Beatrice Roiter , Argentina Guaglianone , Luca Martini , Michele Fornaro et al. (2018). Prevalence of Catatonia and Its Moderators in Clinical Samples: Results from a Meta-analysis and Meta-regression Analysis . Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(5), 1133-1150. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx157 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2768925122
    Crossref OpenAlex
  81. Liliana Dell’Osso , Giulia Amatori , Ivan Mirko Cremone , Enrico Massimetti , Benedetta Nardi , Davide Gravina et al. (2023). Autistic and Catatonic Spectrum Symptoms in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder . Brain Sciences, 13(8), 1175. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13081175 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4385650515
    Crossref OpenAlex
  82. Karn Wijarnpreecha , Veeravich Jaruvongvanich , Wisit Cheungpasitporn , Patompong Ungprasert (2018). Association between celiac disease and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis . European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 30(4), 442-446. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001048 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2780508286
    Crossref OpenAlex
  83. L. Dell’Osso , G. Amatori , G. Massimetti , B. Nardi , D. Gravina , F. Benedetti et al. (2022). Investigating the relationship between autistic traits and symptoms and Catatonia Spectrum . European Psychiatry, 65(1), e81. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2334 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4308180614
    Crossref OpenAlex
  84. Liliana Dell’Osso , Chiara Bonelli , Benedetta Nardi , Giulia Amatori , Ivan Mirko Cremone , Barbara Carpita (2023). Autism Spectrum Disorder in a Patient with Bipolar Disorder and Its Relationship with Catatonia Spectrum: A Case Study . Brain Sciences, 13(5), 704. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13050704 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4366829770
    Crossref OpenAlex
  85. Joan Roig Llesuy , Michel Medina , Kristen C. Jacobson , Joseph J Cooper (2018). Catatonia Under-Diagnosis in the General Hospital . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 30(2), 145-151. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17060123 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2782650993
    Crossref OpenAlex
  86. Liliana Dell’Osso , Ivan Mirko Cremone , Giulia Amatori , Andrea Cappelli , Alessandro Cuomo , Stefano Barlati et al. (2021). Investigating the Relationship between Autistic Traits, Ruminative Thinking, and Suicidality in a Clinical Sample of Subjects with Bipolar Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder . Brain Sciences, 11(5), 621. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050621 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3163345175
    Crossref OpenAlex
  87. E.M. Peter-Ross (2018). Molecular hypotheses to explain the shared pathways and underlying pathobiological causes in catatonia and in catatonic presentations in neuropsychiatric disorders . Medical Hypotheses, 113, 54-64. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.02.009 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2791736118
    Crossref OpenAlex
  88. Liliana Dell'Osso , Ivan Mirko Cremone , Ilaria Chiarantini , Benedetta Nardi , Cristiana Pronestì , Giulia Amatori et al. (2025). Autistic traits are associated with the presence of post-traumatic stress symptoms and suicidality among subjects with autism spectrum conditions and Anorexia nervosa . Journal of Psychiatric Research, 181, 492-502. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.12.006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4405105626
    Crossref OpenAlex
  89. Michitaka Funayama , Taketo Takata , Akihiro Koreki , Satoyuki Ogino , Masaru Mimura (2018). Catatonic Stupor in Schizophrenic Disorders and Subsequent Medical Complications and Mortality . Psychosomatic Medicine, 80(4), 370-376. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000574 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2792958619
    Crossref OpenAlex
  90. Dhossche D. (2011). Catatonia: The Ultimate Yet Treatable Motor Reaction to Fear in Autism . Autism, 1(1), 10.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  91. Edward Shorter , Max Fink (2018). The Madness of Fear . Oxford University Press.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190881191.001.0001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2800285442
    Crossref OpenAlex
  92. Dhossche D. (2012). Autonomic Dysfunction in Catatonia in Autism: Implications of a Vagal Theory . Autism, 2(4).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  93. S. Thiebaut , N. Godart , L. Radon , P. Courtet , S. Guillaume (2019). Crossed prevalence results between subtypes of eating disorder and bipolar disorder: A systematic review of the literature . L'Encéphale, 45(1), 60-73. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2018.06.001 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2858737355
    Crossref OpenAlex
  94. D. M. Dhossche , C. A. Ross , Laura Stoppelbein (2012). The role of deprivation, abuse, and trauma in pediatric catatonia without a clear medical cause . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(1), 25-32. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01779.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2100055705
    Crossref
  95. Dhossche D. M. (2015). Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Review and Case‐Report . Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie, 57(2), 89.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  96. Nils C. Westfall , Nicole A. Mavrides , Barbara J. Coffey (2018). Multidisciplinary Management of Adolescent Early-Onset, Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia Complicated by Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder and Catatonia in Acute Exacerbations . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 28(9), 663-666. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/cap.2018.29157.bjc OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2901358497
    Crossref OpenAlex
  97. Sahil Parag , Eduardo D Espiridion (2018). Hyponatremia Presenting with Recurrent Mania . Cureus, 10(11), e3645-e3645. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3645 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2902270679
    Crossref OpenAlex
  98. Dalainey H. Drakes , Emily J. Fawcett , Julia P. Rose , Jacqueline C. Carter-Major , Jonathan M. Fawcett (2021). Comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in individuals with eating disorders: An epidemiological meta-analysis . Journal of Psychiatric Research, 141, 176-191. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.06.035 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3175996166
    Crossref OpenAlex
  99. David Popovic , Andrea Schmitt , Lalit Kaurani , Fanny Senner , Sergi Papiol , Berend Malchow et al. (2019). Childhood Trauma in Schizophrenia: Current Findings and Research Perspectives . Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 274-274. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00274 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2925087935
    Crossref OpenAlex
  100. Georgia Drymonitou , Amy McCulloch , Sarah Parry , Rhia Gough , Rodrigo Moreira Cruz , Mia Mostoufi et al. (2025). The association between disordered eating and psychosis in clinical and non-clinical populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Psychological Medicine, 55, e160-e160. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s003329172500114x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4410833838
    Crossref OpenAlex
  101. Dimitri Hefter , Cristina E. Topor , Peter Gass , Dusan Hirjak (2019). Two Sides of the Same Coin: A Case Report of First-Episode Catatonic Syndrome in a High-Functioning Autism Patient . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 224-224. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00224 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2939678848
    Crossref OpenAlex
  102. Dubois R. (1913). De l'Anorexie Mentale Comme Prodrôme de la Démence Précoce . Annales Médico‐Psychologiques, 4, 431.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  103. Amber N. Edinoff , Sarah E. Kaufman , Janice W. Hollier , Celina G. Virgen , Christian A. Karam , Garett W. Malone et al. (2021). Catatonia: Clinical Overview of the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Clinical Challenges . Neurology International, 13(4), 570-586. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/neurolint13040057 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3214694226
    Crossref OpenAlex
  104. Juan Pablo Lucchelli , Stamatia Kourakou , Laia Pérez de Lucia Bové , Daniel Diaz Rodriguez (2020). Lorazepam-Resistant Catatonia in an Antipsychotic-Naïve 24-Year-Old with Psychotic Symptoms . Case Reports in Psychiatry, 2020, 1-5. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1155/2020/2469707 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3015669663
    Crossref OpenAlex
  105. Doreen R. Elrad , Nene Takahashi , Maura Walsh , Grishma Reddy , Husna Khaleeluddin , Philip Burns et al. (2025). Trauma-induced Catatonia in Pediatric Patients: Case Series and Literature Review . Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 18(3), 789-801. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40653-025-00686-1
    Crossref
  106. Freya Rumball , Francesca Happé , Nick Grey (2020). Experience of Trauma and PTSD Symptoms in Autistic Adults: Risk of PTSD Development Following DSM ‐5 and Non‐DSM ‐5 Traumatic Life Events . Autism Research, 13(12), 2122-2132. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2306 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3016541693
    Crossref OpenAlex
  107. Rosiel Elwyn * (2023). A lived experience response to the proposed diagnosis of terminal anorexia nervosa: learning from iatrogenic harm, ambivalence and enduring hope . Journal of Eating Disorders, 11(1), 2-2. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00729-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4313555113
    Crossref
  108. Ruyue Zhang , Janne Tidselbak Larsen , Ralf Kuja-Halkola , Laura Thornton , Shuyang Yao , Henrik Larsson et al. (2021). Familial co-aggregation of schizophrenia and eating disorders in Sweden and Denmark . Molecular Psychiatry, 26(9), 5389-5397. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0749-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3021527664
    Crossref OpenAlex
  109. Rosiel Elwyn * (2024). Catatonic Cocoon . International Mad Studies Journal, 2(1), e1-11. Inside Out & Associates Australia.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.58544/imsj.v2i1.7052 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4401008443
    Crossref OpenAlex
  110. Aseem Mehra , Sandeep Grover (2020). Hyponatremia-associated catatonia in an elderly male: A case report and review of literature . Journal of Geriatric Mental Health, 7(1), 62. Medknow.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.4103/jgmh.jgmh_6_20 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3037560592
    Crossref OpenAlex
  111. Rosiel Elwyn * (2025). Co-occurring eating disorder and psychosis: a lived experience case exploration with examples and suggestions for personalized integrated treatment approach . Journal of Eating Disorders, 13(1), 164-164. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s40337-025-01270-6 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4412838456
    Crossref
  112. Pulaparambil Vani , Ravi Kumar Nadella , Biju Viswanath , Sanjeev Jain (2020). Mutism as a component of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: A report of two cases . Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 102337. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102337 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3047625616
    Crossref OpenAlex
  113. Rosiel Elwyn * , Karen‐Ann Clarke , Christian Jones (2025). Narrative Review and Meta‐Ethnography of Seclusion and Restraint From the Perspectives of Adults With Lived Experience: A Human Rights Issue and Application to Australian Context . Australian Journal of Social Issues. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/ajs4.70082 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4416227326
    Crossref OpenAlex
  114. Laura Mandelli , Stefano Draghetti , Umberto Albert , Diana De Ronchi , Anna-Rita Atti (2020). Rates of comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in eating disorders: A meta-analysis of the literature . Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 927-939. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3084249337
    Crossref OpenAlex
  115. (n.d.). Elwyn R. H. Kim A. Phillipou A. Thompson andE. Neill. 2026.“Co‐Occurring Disordered Eating and Psychosis: Varied Presentations and Considerations for Integrated Treatment.” Under review.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  116. Rosiel Elwyn * , Marie Williams , Eloise Smith , Sophie Smith (2024). Two identical twin pairs discordant for longstanding anorexia nervosa and OSFED: lived experience accounts of eating disorder and recovery processes . Journal of Eating Disorders, 12(1), 127. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-01078-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4402136355
    Crossref
  117. Walter Jaimes-Albornoz , Jordi Serra-Mestres , EunJoo Lee , Vladimir Ferrafiat , Marco Isetta (2020). Catatonia in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review of case studies . Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 102440. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102440 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3094510860
    Crossref OpenAlex
  118. Pamela Fantozzi , Claudia Del Grande , Stefano Berloffa , Greta Tolomei , Carmen Salluce , Antonio Narzisi et al. (2022). Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Catatonia: The “Iron Triangle” Rediscovered in a Case Report . Children, 10(1), 77. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/children10010077 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4313402134
    Crossref OpenAlex
  119. Zeno Van Duppen , Pascal Sienaert (2020). Closing Up . In Time and Body (pp. 346-362). Cambridge University Press.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1017/9781108776660.027 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3094752062
    Crossref OpenAlex
  120. Michele Fornaro , Federico Manuel Daray , Fernando Hunter , Annalisa Anastasia , Brendon Stubbs , Domenico De Berardis et al. (2021). The prevalence, odds and predictors of lifespan comorbid eating disorder among people with a primary diagnosis of bipolar disorders, and vice-versa: Systematic review and meta-analysis . Journal of Affective Disorders, 280(Pt A), 409-431. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.015 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3101990501
    Crossref OpenAlex
  122. Melissa Free , Aum Pathare , Yassir Mahgoub (2023). Unintended Weight Gain After Treatment of Catatonia With ECT in Autism . The Journal of ECT, 39(4), 269-270. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000935 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4380422468
    Crossref OpenAlex
  123. Thomas Laux , Yassir Mahgoub , Jatinder Singh , Andrew Francis (2021). Polydipsia as a manifestation of catatonia: Case series . Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 3, 100074. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100074 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3119103828
    Crossref OpenAlex
  124. (n.d.). Gallup G. G. Jr. andJ. D. Maser. 1977.“Catatonia: Tonic Immobility: Evolutionary Underpinnings of Human Catalepsy and Catatonia.”
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  125. Kyle McGinty , Hanna Stevens , Erin Martin , Amanda Elliott (2021). Adolescent Catatonia Preceded by Undiagnosed Anorexia Nervosa . Psychiatric Annals, 51(2), 95-98. SLACK, Inc..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20210104-01 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3126518826
    Crossref OpenAlex
  126. Kyle T. Ganson , Kelly Cuccolo , Jason M. Nagata (2022). Associations between psychosis symptoms and eating disorders among a national sample of U.S. college students . Eating Behaviors, 45, 101622. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101622 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4220734344
    Crossref OpenAlex
  127. John C. Garman , Yassir Mahgoub , Aum Pathare (2024). Psychogenic Hyperphagia: Excessive Eating as Stereotypy in a Patient with Catatonia . Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 30(3), 242-244. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000786 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4399205541
    Crossref OpenAlex
  128. Ram Kumar Solanki , Shashi Kant Khanna , Gunjan Solanki , Kuldeep Singh Yadav , Rishika Agarwal , Manish Kumar Goyal (2021). An adolescent with anorexia nervosa presenting with catatonia . Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(1), 116-117. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_73_20 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3132343344
    Crossref OpenAlex
  129. Gboluaje T. (2018). The Gut Offending the Brain: An Unusual Presentation of Pernicious Anemia Mimicking Catatonic Schizophrenia: 2697 . Official Journal of the American College of Gastroenterology | ACG, 113, S1505.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  130. Mohammad Ghaziuddin (2021). Catatonia: A Common Cause of Late Regression in Autism . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 674009-674009. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.674009 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3210436937
    Crossref OpenAlex
  131. Ghosh S. (2007). Hypoglycemia and Catatonia . Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 55, 309.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  132. Marisa A Giggie (2021). Catatonia in a 10-year-old boy with early childhood neglect and disruptive behaviours in psychiatric residential treatment . BMJ Case Reports, 14(2), e239596. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-239596
    Crossref
  133. Vaios Peritogiannis , Dimitrios V. Rizos (2021). Catatonia Associated with Hyponatremia: Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature . Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 17(1), 26-30. Bentham Science Publishers Ltd..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2174/1745017902117010026 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3164269491
    Crossref OpenAlex
  134. Eliane Grace , Beth Heaney , Alexandra France , Tanya Bruckel , Mark A. Oldham (2024). Psychiatric Explanations of Poor Oral Intake: A Clinically Focused Review . Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, 65(5), 458-470. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaclp.2024.08.006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4402115274
    Crossref OpenAlex
  135. Walter Jaimes-Albornoz , EunJoo Lee , Jordi Serra-Mestres , Marco Isetta , Vladimir Ferrafiat (2022). Catatonia in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder: report of two cases . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(10), 1645-1648. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01811-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3166441708
    Crossref OpenAlex
  136. Annalisa Traverso , Caterina Ancora , Silvia Zanato , Alessia Raffagnato , Michela Gatta (2021). Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges of Catatonia in an Adolescent With High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Report . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 644727-644727. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644727 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3169889633
    Crossref OpenAlex
  137. Syeda Hasan , Pushpal Desarkar , Yona Lunsky , Anupam Thakur (2026). Catatonia in Autistic Adults in a Tertiary Inpatient and Outpatient Neurodevelopmental Service: A Retrospective Review . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 56(10), 4025-4034. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-025-06837-5
    Crossref
  138. Joshua R. Wortzel , Daniel D. Maeng , Andrew Francis , Mark A. Oldham (2021). Prevalent Gaps in Understanding the Features of Catatonia Among Psychiatrists, Psychiatry Trainees, and Medical Students . The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 82(5). Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.4088/jcp.21m14025 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3194945427
    Crossref OpenAlex
  139. Syeda Hasan , Irshad Hussain , Laura Chadwick , Rachel Moir , Ameera Iqbal , Rohan Morris et al. (2026). Systematic Review of Symptoms of Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 56(10), 4047-4060. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-025-06855-3
    Crossref
  140. Anoop Sankaranarayanan , Karthika Johnson , Sanop J. Mammen , Helen E. Wilding , Deepali Vasani , Vijaya Murali et al. (2021). Disordered Eating among People with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review . Nutrients, 13(11), 3820. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/nu13113820 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3208760880
    Crossref OpenAlex
  141. Rachel M. Hechinger , Kristin N. Javaras , Kathryn Eve Lewandowski (2025). Comorbidity of anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia: A systematic review . Schizophrenia Research, 276, 185-193. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2025.01.010 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4407096616
    Crossref OpenAlex
  142. Dusan Hirjak , Jonathan P. Rogers , Robert Christian Wolf , Katharina Maria Kubera , Stefan Fritze , Jo Ellen Wilson et al. (2024). Catatonia . Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 10(1), 49-49. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00534-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4400786596
    Crossref OpenAlex
  143. Oliver Rumle Hovmand , Linda Lloyd Hughes , Celeste Mary Egtved , Sidse M. Arnfred (2025). Comorbidity between psychosis and eating disorders: a systematic review . Journal of Eating Disorders, 13(1), 78-78. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s40337-025-01257-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4410003941
    Crossref OpenAlex
  144. J. Vaquerizo-Serrano , G. Salazar De Pablo , J. Singh , Paramala Santosh (2022). Catatonia in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis . European Psychiatry, 65(1), e4-e4. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2259 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200172356
    Crossref OpenAlex
  145. Adam Howard , Gregg Robbins-Welty , Nicole J. Schindler , Brian Kincaid , Jonathan Komisar (2024). Misdiagnosis of Primary Eating Disorder in an Individual With Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbid Catatonic Syndrome . Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 30(6), 447-448. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000825 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4405241625
    Crossref OpenAlex
  146. Joshua R. Wortzel , Daniel D. Maeng , Andrew Francis , Mark A. Oldham (2022). Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Educational Module for the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale . Academic Psychiatry, 46(2), 185-193. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40596-021-01582-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4205492807
    Crossref OpenAlex
  147. Ipek Inal‐Kaleli , Nurhak Dogan , Sezen Kose , Emre Bora (2025). Investigating the Presence of Autistic Traits and Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis . International Journal of Eating Disorders, 58(1), 66-90. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/eat.24307 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4404277348
    Crossref OpenAlex
  148. Connor Kerns , Stephen Lankenau , Paul Shattuck , Diana L Robins , Craig J Newschaffer , Steven J Berkowitz (2022). Exploring potential sources of childhood trauma: A qualitative study with autistic adults and caregivers . Autism, 26(8), 1987-1998. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211070637 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4207076867
    Crossref OpenAlex
  149. Victoria N. Mutiso , David M. Ndetei , Esther N Muia , Rita K Alietsi , Lydia Onsinyo , Frida Kameti et al. (2022). The prevalance of binge eating disorder and associated psychiatric and substance use disorders in a student population in Kenya – towards a public health approach . BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 122-122. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03761-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4213123751
    Crossref OpenAlex
  150. Arya Nikjoo , Chela Wright , Aaron Kheriaty (2022). A Case Report of Scrupulosity Presenting as Catatonia in a Patient With Both OCD and OCPD . Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 28(3), 265-269. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000629 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4229036650
    Crossref OpenAlex
  151. Amy Malcolm , Andrea Phillipou , Erica Neill , Susan L. Rossell , Wei Lin Toh (2022). Relationships between paranoia and body image concern among community women . Journal of Psychiatric Research, 151, 405-410. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.05.007 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4280545237
    Crossref OpenAlex
  152. Zukiswa Zingela , Louise Stroud , Johan Cronje , Max Fink , Stephan van Wyk (2022). Management and outcomes of catatonia: A prospective study in urban South Africa . SAGE Open Medicine, 10, 20503121221105579-20503121221105579. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/20503121221105579 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4285226815
    Crossref OpenAlex
  153. Zukiswa Zingela , Louise Stroud , Johan Cronje , Max Fink , Stephan van Wyk (2022). The psychological and subjective experience of catatonia: a qualitative study . BMC Psychology, 10(1), 173-173. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00885-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4285492858
    Crossref OpenAlex
  154. Krueger A. (2015). Catatonia in the Setting of Hyponatremia . Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 17(6).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  155. Mark A. Oldham (2024). Describing the features of catatonia: A comparative phenotypic analysis . Schizophrenia Research, 263, 82-92. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.08.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4293412020
    Crossref OpenAlex
  156. Jiyun Lee , Rahat Hossain , Nikola Grujich , Ayal Schaffer (2025). Management of Refractory Catatonia Associated With OCD Exacerbation in a Patient With Bipolar I Disorder: A Case Report . Bipolar Disorders, 27(5), 393-395. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/bdi.70034 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4410212892
    Crossref OpenAlex
  157. Paige Lerman , Penelope Weller , Frances Shawyer , Lisa Brophy , Bridget Hamilton , Chris Maylea et al. (2026). Psychiatrists’ engagement with advance statement in Victoria, Australia . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 104, 102144. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2025.102144 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4414382550
    Crossref OpenAlex
  158. Alison C Leslie , Michael O’Sullivan (2023). The Triad of Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Catatonia: A Case Report . Schizophrenia Bulletin, 49(2), 239-243. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac200 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4318671600
    Crossref OpenAlex
  159. Valentina Meregalli , Elena Tenconi , Christopher R. Madan , Enrica Somà , Paolo Meneguzzo , Enrico Ceccato et al. (2023). Beyond body image: what body schema and motor imagery can tell us about the way patients with anorexia nervosa experience their body . Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 77(2), 94-101. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13501 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4308182158
    Crossref OpenAlex
  160. Matthias Liebrand , Michael Rebsamen , Akari Nakamura-Utsunomiya , Luisa von den Driesch , Patrick Köck , Julien Caccia et al. (2023). Case report: Psychosis and catatonia in an adolescent patient with adipsic hypernatremia and autoantibodies against the subfornical organ . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1206226-1206226. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1206226 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4384823275
    Crossref OpenAlex
  161. Einat Mader , Shay Brikman , Guy Dori , Or Sagi , Aaron Pinkhasov (2022). An Overlapping Presentation of Hypoglycemia and Catatonia—A Case Report and Literature Review . Psychiatry International, 3(4), 332-335. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/psychiatryint3040027 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4309737624
    Crossref OpenAlex
  162. Samuel Reinfeld , Poonamdeep Gill (2023). Diagnostic overshadowing clouding the efficient recognition of pediatric catatonia: a case series . CNS Spectrums, 28(5), 587-591. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s1092852922001158 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4310223243
    Crossref OpenAlex
  163. Paola Longo , Laura Amodeo , Federica Toppino , Giovanni Abbate-Daga , Matteo Panero , Matteo Martini (2024). An updated report on trauma in Anorexia Nervosa: Confirmation and novel data . European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 8(1), 100372. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2023.100372 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4389621894
    Crossref OpenAlex
  164. James Ryan Luccarelli , Mark Kalinich , Jo Ellen Wilson , Jonathan P. Rogers , Jinyuan Liu , D. Catherine Fuchs et al. (2025). The Catatonia Quick Screen (CQS ): A Rapid Screening Tool for Catatonia in Adult and Pediatric Populations . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 152(5), 341-349. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/acps.13820 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4410136600
    Crossref OpenAlex
  165. James Ryan Luccarelli , Joshua Ryan Smith , Mark Kalinich , Ali Amad , Jonathan P. Rogers (2025). The Population-Based Incidence and Prevalence of Catatonia . The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 37(2), 160-162. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20240072 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4406250056
    Crossref OpenAlex
  166. Pınar Özbudak , Alev Elçi Karaduman , Deniz Kargın Menderes , Hakan Öztürk , Kıvılcım Gücüyener (2023). Celiac disease and catatonia: more than a coincidence? The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 65(1), 144-148. Hacettepe University Institute of Child Health.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.24953/turkjped.2022.411 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4323035052
    Crossref OpenAlex
  167. Jay Watts (2023). Engendering misunderstanding: autism and borderline personality disorder . International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 27(3), 316-317. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2023.2187843 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4327554742
    Crossref OpenAlex
  168. Paul H. Lysaker , Nikita Chernov , Tatyana Moiseeva , Marta Sozinova , Nadezhda Dmitryeva , Anastasiya Makarova et al. (2023). Contrasting Metacognitive, Emotion Recognition and Alexithymia Profiles in Bulimia, Anorexia, and Schizophrenia . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 211(5), 348-354. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001612 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4364351911
    Crossref OpenAlex
  169. Jonathan P Rogers , Mark A Oldham , Gregory Fricchione , Georg Northoff , Jo Ellen Wilson , Stephan C Mann et al. (2023). Evidence-based consensus guidelines for the management of catatonia: Recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology . Journal of Psychopharmacology, 37(4), 327-369. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/02698811231158232 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4364354368
    Crossref OpenAlex
  170. Yassir Mahgoub , Dallas Hamlin , Hailey Kindt , Andrew Francis (2025). Catatonia and autism spectrum disorder: A common comorbid syndrome or a core feature? World Journal of Psychiatry, 15(5), 103967-103967. Baishideng Publishing Group Inc..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.103967 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4409974586
    Crossref OpenAlex
  171. Yassir Mahgoub , Aum Pathare , Dallas Hamlin , Hailey Kindt , Andrew Francis (2024). Mannerisms and stereotypies in catatonia: beyond simple motor movements . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1435719-1435719. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1435719 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4402497621
    Crossref OpenAlex
  172. Yassir Mahgoub , Irem Yapar , Delaney Harbold (2024). Lithium-Associated Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus or Catatonic Stereotypical Drinking? Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 44(2), 187-189. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001805 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4391654813
    Crossref OpenAlex
  173. Yana V. Yakovleva , Evgeny D. Kasyanov , Galina E. Mazo (2023). Prevalence of eating disorders in patients with bipolar disorder: a scoping review of the literature . Consortium Psychiatricum, 4(2), 91-106. ECO-Vector LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.17816/cp6338 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4383068293
    Crossref OpenAlex
  174. (n.d.). Massoni L. 2025. “Investigating the Relationship Between Autistic Traits Post‐Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Catatonic Features Among Patients With Feeding and Eating Disorders and Borderline Personality Disorder.” URN: etd‐12182024‐180203. https://etd.adm.unipi.it/t/etd‐12182024‐180203/ .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  175. Wilson To , Crystal Yung , Tyler Voss-Hamrick , Brenner Meacham , Colin Freedman (2023). Case report: Co-occurring obsessive-compulsive disorder and affective psychotic disorder complicated by catatonia in an adolescent female patient . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1225827-1225827. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1225827 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4387571336
    Crossref OpenAlex
  176. Christine Zhang , Lillian Carter , Carrie J McAdams (2023). Psychopharmacological considerations for comorbid anorexia nervosa and bipolar disorder . Psychiatry Research Case Reports, 2(2), 100192. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psycr.2023.100192 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4388049788
    Crossref OpenAlex
  177. McDaniel W. W. (2010). Hyponatremia and Abnormal Ingestion of Water in Catatonia . Primary Psychiatry, 17(4), 29.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  178. Anne Möllmann , Nina Heinrichs , Arvid Herwig (2024). A conceptual framework on body representations and their relevance for mental disorders . Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1231640-1231640. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1231640 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4390610206
    Crossref OpenAlex
  180. Eimear McGuire , Mythily Yohanathan , Leona Lally , Geraldine McCarthy (2017). Hyponatraemia-associated catatonia . BMJ Case Reports, 2017, bcr-2017-219487. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-219487
    Crossref
  181. Eleonora Rossi , Emanuele Cassioli , Cristiano Dani , Giorgia Marchesoni , Alessio M. Monteleone , Stephen A. Wonderlich et al. (2024). The maltreated eco-phenotype of eating disorders: A new diagnostic specifier? A systematic review of the evidence and comprehensive description . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 160, 105619. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105619 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4392624237
    Crossref OpenAlex
  182. Diane Merino , Alexandre O. Gérard , Thibaud Lavrut , Florence Askenazy , Susanne Thümmler , François Montastruc et al. (2024). Drug-related catatonia in youths: real-world insights from the WHO Safety Database . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(5), 1383-1393. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02234-4
    Crossref
  183. Lorenzo Moccia , Eliana Conte , Marianna Ambrosecchia , Delfina Janiri , Salvatore Di Pietro , Valentina De Martin et al. (2022). Anomalous self-experience, body image disturbance, and eating disorder symptomatology in first-onset anorexia nervosa . Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 27(1), 101-108. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01145-0
    Crossref
  184. Andrew K. Moskowitz (2004). "Scared Stiff": Catatonia as an Evolutionary-Based Fear Response. Psychological Review, 111(4), 984-1002. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.111.4.984
    Crossref
  185. Mylene Moyal , Anton Iftimovici , Wafa Ghoul , Marion Plaze , Boris Chaumette (2025). Genetics of catatonia: a systematic review of case reports and a gene pathway analysis . European Psychiatry, 68(1), e72-e72. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.2458 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4410605420
    Crossref OpenAlex
  186. (n.d.). Neff M. A. 2023.“Autism PDA Explained: The Core Characteristics of Pathological Demand Avoidance.” https://neurodivergentinsights.com/autism‐pda‐explained/ .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  188. Esra Yurumez , Rahime Duygu Temelturk , Banu Kaymak , Yağmur Özgür Karabıyıkoğlu , Nisa Didem Zengin (2024). Catatonia in autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, functional impact, and diagnostic insights . Psychiatry Research, 342, 116250. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116250 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4403860345
    Crossref OpenAlex
  189. Samuel Reinfeld (2024). Evaluating catatonia care in the psychiatric emergency room: A retrospective study . Journal of Psychiatric Research, 180, 439-442. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.11.015 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4404091669
    Crossref OpenAlex
  190. Makbule Esen Öksüzoğlu , Burcu Ersöz Alan (2025). Catatonia and associated psychopathologies in adolescence: case series and a brief review . Kastamonu Medical Journal, 5(3), 208-213.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.51271/kmj-0212
    Crossref
  191. Josef Parnas (2013). On psychosis: Karl Jaspers and beyond . Oxford University Press.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199609253.003.0014
    Crossref
  192. Nermin M. Shaker , Dina Aly El-Gabry , Karim Abdel Aziz , Reem Hashem , Yosra A. Ibrahim , Amany Falah et al. (2025). Clinical and neuroradiological differences in obsessive compulsive disorder with and without psychosis . Psychiatry Research, 348, 116472. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116472 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4408982667
    Crossref OpenAlex
  193. (n.d.). PEACE Pathway. 2020.“PEACE Pathway Communication Passport.” https://www.peacepathway.org/blog/information‐sheet‐communication‐passport .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  194. Lan Zhou , Iris E. C. Sommer , Pengyuan Yang , Lev Sikirin , Jim van Os , Richard P. Bentall et al. (2025). What Do Four Decades of Research Tell Us About the Association Between Childhood Adversity and Psychosis: An Updated and Extended Multi-Level Meta-Analysis . American Journal of Psychiatry, 182(4), 360-372. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20240456 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4409035368
    Crossref OpenAlex
  195. Poletti M. (2022). Eating Disorders and Psychosis as Intertwined Dimensions of Disembodiment: A Narrative Review . Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 19(3), 187.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  196. Leah Puckett (2023). Renal and electrolyte complications in eating disorders: a comprehensive review . Journal of Eating Disorders, 11(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00751-w
    Crossref
  197. (n.d.). Queensland Government. 2025.“Julian's Key Health Passport.” https://www.qld.gov.au/health/support/shared‐decision‐making/julians‐key .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  198. Tuba Ülkevan , Hülya Altındağ , Şuheda Tapan Çelikkaleli (2025). Malignant catatonia triggered by acute psychological traumatic experience in a patient with schizophrenia: A case report . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 28(3), 290-293. LookUs Bilisim A.S..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5505/kpd.2025.63904 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4414395246
    Crossref OpenAlex
  200. Beatriz Rodriguez-Cabo , Ana Catalan , Claudia Aymerich , Gonzalo Salazar de Pablo , Miguel Angel Gonzalez-Torres (2026). Unveiling the prognosis of adult Catatonia: A systematic review . Schizophrenia Research, 287, 21-36. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2025.11.006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4416411938
    Crossref OpenAlex
  201. Ellen Rodgers , Steven Marwaha , Clara Humpston (2022). Co-occurring psychotic and eating disorders in England: findings from the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey . Journal of Eating Disorders, 10(1), 150. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00664-0 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4306696334
    Crossref
  202. Jonathan P Rogers , Thomas A Pollak , Graham Blackman , Anthony S David (2019). Catatonia and the immune system: a review . The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(7), 620-630. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30190-7
    Crossref
  203. (n.d.). Ross D. R. Elwyn K.‐A. Clarke andC. Jones. 2024.“Keep Safe Be Heard You Matter: Guidelines to Increase Personal Empowerment When in a Mental Health Facility With Psychiatric Advanced Health Directives.” https://wedge‐octopus‐z5d3.squarespace.com/ .
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  204. Sachdeva A. (2015). Case Report of Comorbid Schizophrenia and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in a Patient Who Was Tube‐Fed for Four Years by Family Members Because of His Refusal to Eat . Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 27(4), 252.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  205. Saito S. (2011). A Case of Asperger's Disorder With Catatonia Originally Suspected of Being Catatonic Schizophrenia . Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi, 113(3), 241.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  206. Yusuke Saito , Toshinori Shirata , Keisuke Noto , Haruka Muraosa , Konoka Nomura , Toshiki Obata et al. (2025). Excessive vitamin B12 concentrations are more common than deficiency in patients with anorexia nervosa: a cross-sectional study . Journal of Eating Disorders, 13(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1186/s40337-025-01217-x
    Crossref
  207. Amitta Shah , Lorna Wing (2006). Psychological Approaches to Chronic Catatonia-like Deterioration in Autism Spectrum Disorders . International Review of Neurobiology, 72, 245-264. Elsevier.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)72015-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1503836056
    Crossref
  208. Sharma S. (2015). A Depressed Adolescent Who Won't Eat and Reacts Slowly . Current Psychiatry, 14(8), 49.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  209. (n.d.). Shepler T. L. 2016.“Assessing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Persons With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Alliant International University.”
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  210. Siddiqui J. A. (2018). Psychotropic‐Induced Hyponatremia: A Review . Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 8(4), 213.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  211. Francesca Solmi , Daniela Melamed , Glyn Lewis , James B Kirkbride (2018). Longitudinal associations between psychotic experiences and disordered eating behaviours in adolescence: a UK population-based study . The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(8), 591-599. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30180-9
    Crossref
  212. Sebastian Walther , Katharina Stegmayer , Jo Ellen Wilson , Stephan Heckers (2019). Structure and neural mechanisms of catatonia . The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(7), 610-619. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30474-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2950509008
    Crossref
  213. Lorna Wing , Amitta Shah (2006). A Systematic Examination of Catatonia‐like Clinical Pictures in Autism Spectrum Disorders . International Review of Neurobiology, 72, 21-39. Elsevier.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(05)72002-x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1495660835
    Crossref
  214. Hang-Ju Yang , Wan-Ju Cheng (2017). Antipsychotic use is a risk factor for hyponatremia in patients with schizophrenia: a 15-year follow-up study . Psychopharmacology, 234(5), 869-876. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4525-9
    Crossref