The Assessment and Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Autistic People: A Systematic Review

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Quinton, A. M. G., Ali, D., Danese, A., Happé, F., & Rumball, F. (2024). The Assessment and Treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Autistic People: A Systematic Review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13(1), 110-144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-024-00430-9

Publication date: 21 Feb 2024 Added to AutiHub: 14 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
5
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 5 (20.0%)

Abstract

Abstract Adverse life events and mental health conditions are unfortunately common amongst autistic adults and children; this may present a vulnerability to developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This systematic review provides an update of Rumball’s (Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 6, 294–324, 2019) systematic review of PTSD in autistic individuals and identifies 18 new studies published from 2017 to 2022, reflecting increased research interest in PTSD in autistic populations. Included literature suggests that autistic adults and children experience more severe PTSD symptoms compared to their non-autistic peers, with at least comparable rates of occurrence. We provide a comprehensive overview of this emerging field and identify the need for future research to validate PTSD symptom assessment tools and treatment strategies and investigate unique manifestations of trauma-related symptoms in autistic individuals.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 20 Sep 2026 01:01.

Cited references
85
With a DOI
83
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
2
3 / 85 (3.5%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
2 / 85 (2.4%)
References with detected author names
83 / 85 (97.6%)
Without detected author names
2
Without a structured title
2
Without a stable identifier
2
References with raw author names still to review
2
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
411
From DOI or external metadata
411
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
8
103 / 411 (25.1%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 308 / 411 (74.9%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
3 / 411 (0.7%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 3 / 103 (2.9%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 2 / 362 (0.6%).
  1. Anke Ehlers , David M. Clark (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder . Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319-345. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  2. González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Claudia Carmassi , Carlo Antonio Bertelloni , Gianluca Salarpi , Elisa Diadema , Maria Teresa Avella , Valerio Dell’Oste et al. (2019). Is There a Major Role for Undetected Autism Spectrum Disorder with Childhood Trauma in a Patient with a Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder, Self-Injuring, and Multiple Comorbidities? Case Reports in Psychiatry, 2019, 1-6. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Björn Hofvander , Richard Delorme , Pauline Chaste , Agneta Nydén , Elisabet Wentz , Ola Ståhlberg et al. (2009). Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders . BMC Psychiatry, 9(1), 1. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  5. Sheena K. Au‐Yeung , Louise Bradley , Ashley Robertson , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen , Sarah Cassidy (2019). Experience of mental health diagnosis and perceived misdiagnosis in autistic, possibly autistic and non-autistic adults . Autism, 23(6), 1508-1518. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Susan W White , Thomas H. Ollendick , Anne Marie Albano , Donald Oswald , Cynthia Johnson , Michael A. Southam-Gerow et al. (2013). Randomized Controlled Trial: Multimodal Anxiety and Social Skill Intervention for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(2), 382-394. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. Vicki Bitsika , Christopher F. Sharpley (2021). Direct and Inverse Correlates of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among School-Age Autistic Boys . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5285. MDPI AG.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  8. Varun Warrier , David M. Greenberg , Elizabeth M Weir , Clara Buckingham , Paula Smith , Meng-Chuan Lai et al. (2020). Elevated rates of autism, other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diagnoses, and autistic traits in transgender and gender-diverse individuals . Nature Communications, 11(1), 3959. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Sally‐Ann Cooper , J. Morrison , C. Melville , J. Finlayson , L. Allan , G. Martin et al. (2006). Improving the health of people with intellectual disabilities: outcomes of a health screening programme after 1 year . Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(9), 667-677. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Christy A. Blevins , Frank W. Weathers , Margaret T. Davis , Tracy K. Witte , Jessica L. Domino (2015). The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation . Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489-498. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  11. L. Mevissen , A. de Jongh (2010). PTSD and its treatment in people with intellectual disabilities . Clinical Psychology Review, 30(3), 308-316. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. Jeffrey J. Wood , Jill Ehrenreich-May , Michael Alessandri , Cori Fujii , Patricia Renno , Elizabeth A. Laugeson et al. (2015). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Early Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders and Clinical Anxiety: A Randomized, Controlled Trial . Behavior Therapy, 46(1), 7-19. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. A. Borghus , S. Dokkedahl , A. Elklit (2020). Pilot study: undetected post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among intellectually disabled . International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 66(1), 36-45. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Helen McConachie , Eleanor McLaughlin , Victoria Grahame , Helen Taylor , Emma Honey , Laura Tavernor et al. (2014). Group therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 18(6), 723-732. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Nilamadhab Kar (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review . Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7, 167. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Michelle J. Bovin , Brian P. Marx , Frank W. Weathers , Matthew W. Gallagher , Paola Rodriguez , Paula P. Schnurr et al. (2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth Edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1379-1391. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Amy S. Hewitt , Roger J. Stancliffe , Jennifer Hall-Lande , Derek Nord , Sandra L Pettingell , Kristin Hamre et al. (2017). Characteristics of adults with autism spectrum disorder who use residential services and supports through adult developmental disability services in the United States . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 34, 1-9. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Susan W White , Amie R. Schry , Brenna B. Maddox (2012). Brief Report: The Assessment of Anxiety in High-Functioning Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(6), 1138-1145. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Janina Brede , Eilidh Cage , Joseph Trott , Lisa Palmer , Anika Smith , Lucy Serpell et al. (2022). “We Have to Try to Find a Way, a Clinical Bridge” - autistic adults' experience of accessing and receiving support for mental health difficulties: A systematic review and thematic meta-synthesis . Clinical Psychology Review, 93, 102131. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Esther I. de Bruin , Robert F. Ferdinand , Sjifra Meester , Pieter F. A. de Nijs , Fop Verheij (2007). High Rates of Psychiatric Co-Morbidity in PDD-NOS . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(5), 877-886. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Emily A. Holmes , Ella L. James , Thomas Coode-Bate , Catherine Deeprose (2009). Can Playing the Computer Game “Tetris” Reduce the Build-Up of Flashbacks for Trauma? A Proposal from Cognitive Science . PLoS ONE, 4(1), e4153. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. for the Autism and Developmental Disorders Inpatient Research Collaborative (ADDIRC) , Jamie Brenner , Carla A. Mazefsky , Carla A. Mazefsky , Robin Gabriels , Robin Gabriels (2018). Behavioral Symptoms of Reported Abuse in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Inpatient Settings . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(11), 3727-3735. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Nirit Haruvi-Lamdan , Danny Horesh , Ofer Golan (2018). PTSD and autism spectrum disorder: Co-morbidity, gaps in research, and potential shared mechanisms. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(3), 290-299. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Naomi Breslau , Victoria C. Lucia , German F. Alvarado (2006). Intelligence and Other Predisposing Factors in Exposure to Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(11), 1238. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  25. Eric A. Storch , Michael L. Sulkowski , Josh Nadeau , Adam B. Lewin , Elysse B. Arnold , P. Jane Mutch et al. (2013). The Phenomenology and Clinical Correlates of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(10), 2450-2459. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Chris R Brewin , Freya Rumball , Francesca Happé (2019). Neglected causes of post-traumatic stress disorder . BMJ, 365, l2372. BMJ.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  27. Mohamad Mehtar , Nahit Motavalli Mukaddes (2011). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in individuals with diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Disorders . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 539-546. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Yvette Brook (2023). How talking therapists experience working with adult clients who have autism . Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 23(1), 235-246. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Matthew J Page , David Moher , Patrick M Bossuyt , Isabelle Boutron , Tammy C Hoffmann , Cynthia D Mulrow et al. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews . BMJ, 372, n160. BMJ.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n160 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3123893780
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  30. Connor M. Kerns , Craig J. Newschaffer , Steven J. Berkowitz (2015). Traumatic Childhood Events and Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(11), 3475-3486. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Jeffrey J. Wood , Amy Drahota , Karen Sze , Kim Har , Angela Chiu , David A. Langer (2009). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorders: a randomized, controlled trial . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(3), 224-234. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Katherine Stavropoulos , Yasamine Bolourian , Jan Blacher (2018). Differential Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Two Clinical Cases . Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(4), 71. MDPI AG.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. Andrea Danese , Cathy Spatz Widom (2020). Objective and subjective experiences of child maltreatment and their relationships with psychopathology . Nature Human Behaviour, 4(8), 811-818. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Ginny Russell , Will Mandy , Daisy Elliott , Rhianna White , Tom Pittwood , Tamsin Ford (2019). Selection bias on intellectual ability in autism research: a cross-sectional review and meta-analysis . Molecular Autism, 10(1), 9. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Matthew Hollocks , Andrew Pickles , Patricia Howlin , Emily Simonoff (2016). Dual Cognitive and Biological Correlates of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(10), 3295-3307. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Gavin R. Stewart , Anne Corbett , Clive Ballard , Byron Creese , Dag Aarsland , Adam Hampshire et al. (2022). Traumatic life experiences and post‐traumatic stress symptoms in middle‐aged and older adults with and without autistic traits . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 37(2), 669. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/gps.5669 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200412786
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Eric A. Storch , Adam B. Lewin , Amanda B. Collier , Elysse Arnold , Alessandro S. De Nadai , Brittney F. Dane et al. (2015). A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY VERSUS TREATMENT AS USUAL FOR ADOLESCENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS AND COMORBID ANXIETY . Depression and Anxiety, 32(3), 174-181. Hindawi Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/da.22332 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2164189797
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Mina Fazel , Hannah J. Stratford , Eleanor Rowsell , Carmen Chan , Helen Griffiths , Katy Robjant (2020). Five Applications of Narrative Exposure Therapy for Children and Adolescents Presenting With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 19. Frontiers Media SA.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  39. Parisa Ghanouni , Stephanie Quirke (2023). Resilience and Coping Strategies in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(1), 456-467. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Naomi Fisher , Caroline van Diest , Marguerite Leoni , Debbie Spain (2023). Using EMDR with autistic individuals: A Delphi survey with EMDR therapists . Autism, 27(1), 43-53. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  41. Katherine E. Reuben , Shannon Self-Brown , Erin Vinoski Thomas (2024). PTSD in autistic adults: Correlates of meeting DSM–5 criteria and predictors of professional diagnosis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 16(5), 817-824. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Outi Reinvall , Anu-Liisa Moisio , Pekka Lahti-Nuuttila , Arja Voutilainen , Marja Laasonen , Teija Kujala (2016). Psychiatric symptoms in children and adolescents with higher functioning autism spectrum disorders on the Development and Well-Being Assessment . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 25, 47-57. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Sari L. Reisner , Jaclyn M. White Hughto , Kristi E. Gamarel , Alex S. Keuroghlian , Lauren Mizock , John E. Pachankis (2016). Discriminatory experiences associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among transgender adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(5), 509-519. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Ofer Golan , Nirit Haruvi-Lamdan , Nathaniel Laor , Danny Horesh (2022). The comorbidity between autism spectrum disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder is mediated by brooding rumination . Autism, 26(2), 538-544. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Emeline Han , Katrina Scior , Katerina Avramides , Laura Crane (2022). A systematic review on autistic people's experiences of stigma and coping strategies . Autism Research, 15(1), 12-26. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2652 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200200179
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Daniel W. Hoover , Joan Kaufman (2018). Adverse childhood experiences in children with autism spectrum disorder . Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 31(2), 128-132. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Julie Taylor , Katherine Gotham (2016). Cumulative life events, traumatic experiences, and psychiatric symptomatology in transition-aged youth with autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 8(1), 28. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  48. Nirit Haruvi-Lamdan , Danny Horesh , Shani Zohar , Meital Kraus , Ofer Golan (2020). Autism Spectrum Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: An unexplored co-occurrence of conditions . Autism, 24(4), 884-898. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. Nirit Haruvi-Lamdan , Shiri Lebendiger , Ofer Golan , Danny Horesh (2019). Are PTSD and autistic traits related? An examination among typically developing Israeli adults . Comprehensive Psychiatry, 89, 22-27. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Alexia Stack , Joseph Lucyshyn (2019). Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Experience of Traumatic Events: Review of the Current Literature to Inform Modifications to a Treatment Model for Children with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(4), 1613-1625. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Allison Jack , Kevin A. Pelphrey (2017). Annual Research Review: Understudied populations within the autism spectrum – current trends and future directions in neuroimaging research . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(4), 411-435. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. John D. Hoch , Adriana M. Youssef (2020). Predictors of Trauma Exposure and Trauma Diagnoses for Children with Autism and Developmental Disorders Served in a Community Mental Health Clinic . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(2), 634-649. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  53. Jeffrey Schein , Christy Houle , Annette Urganus , Martin Cloutier , Oscar Patterson-Lomba , Yao Wang et al. (2021). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States: a systematic literature review . Current Medical Research and Opinion, 37(12), 2151-2161. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Miranda Olff (2017). Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update . European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup4), 1351204. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Elise Ng-Cordell , Anika Rai , Hira Peracha , Tamara Garfield , Stephen E. Lankenau , Diana L. Robins et al. (2022). A Qualitative Study of Self and Caregiver Perspectives on How Autistic Individuals Cope With Trauma . Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 825008-825008. Frontiers Media SA.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. Daniel W. Hoover (2020). Trauma in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism, Intellectual Disability, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder . In Childhood Trauma in Mental Disorders (pp. 367-383). Springer International Publishing.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  57. Freya Rumball , Kinga Antal , Francesca Happé , Nick Grey (2021). Co-occurring mental health symptoms and cognitive processes in trauma-exposed ASD adults . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 110, 103836. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. Freya Rumball (2019). A Systematic Review of the Assessment and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 6(3), 294-324. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Daniel W. Hoover , Elizabeth M. G. Romero (2019). The Interactive Trauma Scale: A Web-Based Measure for Children with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(4), 1686-1692. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. Jessica L. Peterson , Rachel K. Earl , Emily A. Fox , Ruqian Ma , Ghina Haidar , Micah Pepper et al. (2019). Trauma and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Review, Proposed Treatment Adaptations and Future Directions . Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 12(4), 529-547. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. Freya Rumball , Francesca Happé , Nick Grey (2020). Experience of Trauma and PTSD Symptoms in Autistic Adults: Risk of PTSD Development Following DSM ‐5 and Non‐DSM ‐5 Traumatic Life Events . Autism Research, 13(12), 2122-2132. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2306 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3016541693
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. Ella Lobregt-van Buuren , Bram Sizoo , Liesbeth Mevissen , Ad de Jongh (2019). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy as a Feasible and Potential Effective Treatment for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and a History of Adverse Events . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(1), 151-164. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. A. Russell , Daisy M Gaunt , Kate Cooper , Stephen Barton , Jeremy Horwood , David Kessler et al. (2020). The feasibility of low-intensity psychological therapy for depression co-occurring with autism in adults: The Autism Depression Trial (ADEPT) – a pilot randomised controlled trial . Autism, 24(6), 1360-1372. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Ewelina Rydzewska , Laura Anne Hughes-McCormack , Christopher Gillberg , Angela Henderson , Cecilia MacIntyre , Julie Rintoul et al. (2018). Prevalence of long-term health conditions in adults with autism: observational study of a whole country population . BMJ Open, 8(8), e023945. BMJ.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Connor M. Kerns , Steven J Berkowitz , Lauren Moskowitz , Amy Drahota , Matthew D Lerner , the Usual Care for Autism Study (UCAS) Consortium et al. (2020). Screening and treatment of trauma-related symptoms in youth with autism spectrum disorder among community providers in the United States . Autism, 24(2), 515-525. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Justin Barrett Leaf , Robert K. Ross , Joseph H. Cihon , Mary Jane Weiss (2018). Evaluating Kupferstein’s claims of the relationship of behavioral intervention to PTSS for individuals with autism . Advances in Autism, 4(3), 122-129. Emerald.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. Patrick Smith , Tim Dalgleish , Richard Meiser‐Stedman (2019). Practitioner Review: Posttraumatic stress disorder and its treatment in children and adolescents . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(5), 500-515. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  68. Connor M. Kerns , Jessica E. Rast , Paul Shattuck (2020). Prevalence and Correlates of Caregiver-Reported Mental Health Conditions in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder in the United States . The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 82(1), 11637. Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  69. A. Paul , C. Gallot , C. Lelouche , M. P. Bouvard , Anouck Amestoy (2018). Victimisation in a French population of children and youths with autism spectrum disorder: a case control study . Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 12(1), 48. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. Connor M. Kerns , Diana L. Robins , Paul Shattuck , Craig J. Newschaffer , Steven J. Berkowitz (2023). Expert consensus regarding indicators of a traumatic reaction in autistic youth: a Delphi survey . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 64(1), 50-58. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  71. Arvid Nikolai Kildahl , Sissel Berge Helverschou , Trine Lise Bakken , Hanne Weie Oddli (2020). “Driven and Tense, Stressed Out and Anxious”: Clinicians’ Perceptions of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Expressions in Adults with Autism and Intellectual Disability . Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 13(3), 201-230. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  72. Arvid Nikolai Kildahl , Ingvild Jørstad (2022). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom manifestations in an autistic man with severe intellectual disability following coercion and scalding . Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 47(2), 190-194. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  73. Stephanie J Lewis , Louise Arseneault , Avshalom Caspi , Helen L Fisher , Timothy Matthews , Terrie E. Moffitt et al. (2019). The epidemiology of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in a representative cohort of young people in England and Wales . The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(3), 247-256. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  74. Ella Lobregt-van Buuren , Marjolijn Hoekert , Bram Sizoo (2021). Autism, Adverse Events, and Trauma . In Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 33-42). Exon Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  75. Amanda J Rich , Nikki DiGregorio , Carla Strassle (2021). Trauma-informed care in the context of intellectual and developmental disability services: Perceptions of service providers . Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 25(4), 603-618. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  76. Mattia Marchi , Antonio Travascio , Daniele Uberti , Edoardo De Micheli , Pietro Grenzi , Elisa Arcolin et al. (2023). Post-traumatic stress disorder among LGBTQ people: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 32, e44-e44. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  77. Micah Mazurek , Jessica Pappagianopoulos , Sophie Brunt , Eleonora Sadikova , Rose Nevill , Michelle Menezes et al. (2023). A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences . Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 30(4), 767-779. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2835 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4318323630
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  78. Freya Rumball , Lucinda Brook , Francesca Happé , Anke Karl (2021). Heightened risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in adults with autism spectrum disorder: The role of cumulative trauma and memory deficits . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 110, 103848. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  79. Alice Turnock , Kate Langley , Catherine R. G. Jones (2022). Understanding Stigma in Autism: A Narrative Review and Theoretical Model . Autism in Adulthood, 4(1), 76-91. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  80. Katherine E. Reuben , Christopher M. Stanzione , Jenny L. Singleton (2021). Interpersonal Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress in Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood, 3(3), 247-256. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  81. The Joanna Briggs Institute. (2016). Checklist for case reports. http://joannabriggs.org/research/critical-appraisal-tools.html . Accessed Jan 2023.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  82. Wells, G. A., Shea, B., O’Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., & Tugwell, P. (2012). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality if nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses, 2012. https://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp
    Type: Other
    Crossref