Behavioural and physiological indicators of anxiety reflect shared and distinct profiles across individuals with neurogenetic syndromes

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Crawford, H., Oliver, C., Groves, L., Bradley, L., Smith, K., Hogan, A., Renshaw, D., Waite, J., & Roberts, J. (2023). Behavioural and physiological indicators of anxiety reflect shared and distinct profiles across individuals with neurogenetic syndromes. Psychiatry Research, 326, 115278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115278

Publication date: 31 May 2023 Added to AutiHub: 26 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
9
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 9 (11.1%)
  1. Hayley Crawford
  2. Chris Oliver
  3. Laura Groves
  4. Louise Bradley
  5. Kayla Smith *
  1. Abigail Hogan
  2. Derek Renshaw
  3. Jane Waite
  4. Jane Roberts

Abstract

Anxiety is heightened in individuals with intellectual disability, particularly in those with specific neurogenetic syndromes. Assessment of anxiety for these individuals is hampered by a lack of appropriate measures that cater for communication impairment, differences in presentation, and overlapping features with co-occurring conditions. Here, we adopt a multi-method approach to identify fine-grained behavioural and physiological (via salivary cortisol) responses to anxiety presses in people with fragile X (FXS; n = 27; Mage = 20.11 years; range 6.32 - 47.04 years) and Cornelia de Lange syndromes (CdLS; n = 27; Mage = 18.42 years; range 4.28 - 41.08 years), two neurogenetic groups at high risk for anxiety, compared to neurotypical children (NT; n = 21; Mage = 5.97 years; range 4.34 - 7.30 years). Results indicate that physical avoidance of feared stimuli and proximity seeking to a familiar adult are prominent behavioural indicators of anxiety/stress in FXS and CdLS. Heightened pervasive physiological arousal was identified in these groups via salivary cortisol. An association between autistic characteristics and anxiety was evident in the FXS group but not in the CdLS group pointing to syndrome-specific nuances in the association between anxiety and autism. This study furthers understanding of the behavioural and physiological presentation of anxiety in individuals with intellectual disability and progresses theoretical developments regarding the development and maintenance of anxiety at the intersection of autism.

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Cited references
72
With a DOI
67
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
5
0 / 72 (0.0%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
1 / 72 (1.4%)
References with detected author names
71 / 72 (98.6%)
Without detected author names
1
Without a structured title
1
Without a stable identifier
5
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
365
From DOI or external metadata
365
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
103 / 365 (28.2%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 262 / 365 (71.8%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
0 / 365 (0.0%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 0 / 103 (0.0%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 0 / 278 (0.0%).
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