Heart rate defined sustained attention relates to visual attention in autism and fragile X syndrome

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Wall, C. A., Smith, K., Shic, F., Kelleher, B., Hogan, A., Will, E. A., & Roberts, J. (2025). Heart rate defined sustained attention relates to visual attention in autism and fragile X syndrome. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 25389-25389. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09537-3

Publication date: 14 Jul 2025 Added to AutiHub: 26 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
7
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 7 (14.3%)
  1. Carla A. Wall
  2. Kayla Smith *
  3. Frederick Shic
  4. Bridgette Kelleher
  1. Abigail Hogan
  2. Elizabeth A Will
  3. Jane Roberts

Abstract

Social attention, including shared attention and social orienting, is essential for positive social interactions. Although early visual social attention is often quantified using eye tracking, these indices may not consistently reflect cognitive engagement. Heart rate defined sustained attention (HRDSA) is a physiological measure that can index cognitive engagement alongside visual attention, leading to more comprehensive assessments of attentional processes that are particularly important in young, neurodiverse children with high support needs, including those with autism and fragile X syndrome (FXS). The present study examined visual and heart-defined measures of social attention to the Selective Social Attention task, a video-based assay of social attention, in children with autism, FXS, and neurotypical development. Linear mixed models examined group and condition effects in multiple cardiac indices and overall looking at the scene. Findings suggest that, overall, children across all groups engaged similarly across the experiment in most dimensions of HRDSA, and consistent with previous work, autistic children spent less time visually attending to the scene than either other group. HRDSA was positively associated with visual social attention. Combining physiological and visual attention measures may elucidate the complex nature of social attention and be especially valuable for neurodiverse children when typical assessments are inaccessible.

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Cited references
65
With a DOI
57
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
8
1 / 65 (1.5%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
8 / 65 (12.3%)
References with detected author names
57 / 65 (87.7%)
Without detected author names
8
Without a structured title
8
Without a stable identifier
8
References with raw author names still to review
8
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
313
From DOI or external metadata
313
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
10
80 / 313 (25.6%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 233 / 313 (74.4%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
1 / 313 (0.3%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 1 / 80 (1.2%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 260 (0.4%).
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