Unlocking the Potential of Habitual Napping to Moderate the Association Between Sleep Disturbances and Behavioral Problems Among Autistic and Typically Developing Children

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref
Learn more about the sources used

Zhong, Y. & Dimitriou, D. (2026). Unlocking the Potential of Habitual Napping to Moderate the Association Between Sleep Disturbances and Behavioral Problems Among Autistic and Typically Developing Children. Autism Research, 19(6), e70245-e70245. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70245

Publication date: 3 Apr 2026 Added to AutiHub: 24 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
2
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 2 (50.0%)
  1. Yiqing Zhong *
  2. Dagmara Dimitriou

Abstract

ABSTRACT Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in autistic children and closely linked to behavioral difficulties, yet the role of napping in this relationship remains poorly understood, particularly in cultural contexts where naps are normative. This pilot study examined sleep–behavior associations and the potential protective role of napping in 53 school‐aged children in China (26 autistic, 27 neurotypical, aged 6–12). Sleep was assessed both objectively (1‐week actigraphy and sleep diaries) and subjectively (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire), and behavioral outcomes were measured via the Child Behavior Checklist. Autistic children showed significantly more sleep disturbances than neurotypical peers, including greater bedtime resistance, longer sleep onset delay, more frequent night waking, and shorter total sleep. Night waking was a key correlate of behavioral problems in both groups. Importantly, longer nap durations were associated with weaker associations between sleep disturbances and behavioral outcomes. Temporal analyses further indicated that shorter nocturnal sleep was associated with longer next‐day naps, while nap duration was not significantly associated with same‐day night sleep. These findings highlight the potential relevance of culturally embedded nap routines in relation to behavioral difficulties and may inform context‐sensitive sleep support strategies in neurodevelopmental populations.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 01:01.

Cited references
57
With a DOI
52
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
5
0 / 57 (0.0%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
1 / 57 (1.8%)
References with detected author names
56 / 57 (98.2%)
Without detected author names
1
Without a structured title
1
Without a stable identifier
5
References with raw author names still to review
1
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
273
From DOI or external metadata
273
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
1
20 / 273 (7.3%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 253 / 273 (92.7%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
0 / 273 (0.0%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 0 / 20 (0.0%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 0 / 253 (0.0%).
  1. Kate E. Williams , Donna Berthelsen , Sue Walker , Jan M. Nicholson (2017). A Developmental Cascade Model of Behavioral Sleep Problems and Emotional and Attentional Self-Regulation Across Early Childhood . Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 15(1), 1-21. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2015.1065410 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W902971007
    Crossref OpenAlex
  2. Achenbach T. M. (2001). Ratings of Relations Between DSM‐IV Diagnostic Categories and Items of the CBCL/6‐18, TRF, and YSR . Ratings of Relations Between DSM‐IV Diagnostic Categories and Items of the CBCL/6‐18, TRF, and YSR, 1.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  3. Timothy I. Morgenthaler , Teofilo Lee-Chiong , Cathy Alessi , Leah Friedman , R. Nisha Aurora , Brian Boehlecke et al. (2007). Practice Parameters for the Clinical Evaluation and Treatment of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders . Sleep, 30(11), 1445-1459. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/sleep/30.11.1445 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1480559618
    Crossref OpenAlex
  4. Mohammed Al-Beltagi (2021). Autism medical comorbidities . World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 10(3), 15-28. Baishideng Publishing Group Inc..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v10.i3.15 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3158971645
    Crossref OpenAlex
  5. Sonia Ancoli-Israel , Jennifer L. Martin , Terri Blackwell , Luis Buenaver , Lianqi Liu , Lisa J. Meltzer et al. (2015). The SBSM Guide to Actigraphy Monitoring: Clinical and Research Applications . Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 13(sup1), S4-S38. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2015.1046356 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1812375793
    Crossref OpenAlex
  6. Pasquale K. Alvaro , Rachel M. Roberts , Jodie K. Harris (2013). A Systematic Review Assessing Bidirectionality between Sleep Disturbances, Anxiety, and Depression . Sleep, 36(7), 1059-1068. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2810 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2038155949
    Crossref OpenAlex
  7. HAO-JAN YANG , WEI-TSUEN SOONG , CHANG-NING CHIANG , WEI J. CHEN (2000). Competence and Behavioral/Emotional Problems Among Taiwanese Adolescents as Reported by Parents and Teachers . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(2), 232-239. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200002000-00024 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1963575050
    Crossref OpenAlex
  8. American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2015). Case Book of Sleep Medicine . Case Book of Sleep Medicine.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  9. Marilisa G. Elrod , Bradley S. Hood (2015). Sleep Differences Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders and Typically Developing Peers . Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 36(3), 166-177. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000140 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1993929385
    Crossref OpenAlex
  10. Danelle Hodge , Tanner M. Carollo , Michael Lewin , Charles D. Hoffman , Dwight P. Sweeney (2014). Sleep patterns in children with and without autism spectrum disorders: Developmental comparisons . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(7), 1631-1638. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.037 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2013770200
    Crossref OpenAlex
  11. Xianrui Chen , Zhong ling Ke , Yanhui Chen , Xiaoxia Lin (2021). The prevalence of sleep problems among children in mainland China: a meta-analysis and systemic-analysis . Sleep Medicine, 83, 248-255. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.04.014 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3111982280
    Crossref OpenAlex
  12. Darryn M. Sikora , Kyle Johnson , Traci Clemons , Terry Katz (2012). The Relationship Between Sleep Problems and Daytime Behavior in Children of Different Ages With Autism Spectrum Disorders . Pediatrics (Evanston), 130(Supplement_2), S83. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-0900f OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2016773219
    Crossref OpenAlex
  13. Jia-Hui Chu , Fang Bian , Rui-Ying Yan , Yan-Lin Li , Yong-Hua Cui , Ying Li (2022). Comparison of diagnostic validity of two autism rating scales for suspected autism in a large Chinese sample . World Journal of Clinical Cases, 10(4), 1206-1217. Baishideng Publishing Group Inc..
    Type: Article DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i4.1206 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4205647621
    Crossref OpenAlex
  14. Jill A. Hollway , Michael G. Aman , Eric Butter (2013). Correlates and Risk Markers for Sleep Disturbance in Participants of the Autism Treatment Network . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(12), 2830-2843. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1830-y OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2018678355
    Crossref OpenAlex
  15. Amanda Cremone , Laura B.F. Kurdziel , Ada Fraticelli‐Torres , Jennifer M. McDermott , Rebecca M.C. Spencer (2017). Napping reduces emotional attention bias during early childhood . Developmental Science, 20(4). Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/desc.12411 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2414926036
    Crossref OpenAlex
  16. Naixue Cui , Xiaopeng Ji , Junxin Li , Naisong Cui , Guanghai Wang , Naisong Cui et al. (2021). Associated factors of habitual midday napping among Chinese adolescents . Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 19(1), 93-103. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s41105-020-00292-8 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3097946441
    Crossref OpenAlex
  17. Lisa J. Meltzer , Hawley E. Montgomery-Downs , Salvatore P. Insana , Colleen M. Walsh (2012). Use of actigraphy for assessment in pediatric sleep research . Sleep Medicine Reviews, 16(5), 463-475. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2011.10.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2041722543
    Crossref OpenAlex
  18. Díaz‐Román A. (2018). Sleep in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Subjective and Objective Studies . BMJ Mental Health, 21(4), 146.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  19. Suzanne E. Goldman , Amanda Richdale , Traci Clemons , Beth A. Malow (2012). Parental Sleep Concerns in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Variations from Childhood to Adolescence . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(4), 531-538. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1270-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2054902507
    Crossref OpenAlex
  20. Dominique Petit , Évelyne Touchette , Richard E. Tremblay , Michel Boivin , Jacques Montplaisir (2007). Dyssomnias and Parasomnias in Early Childhood . Pediatrics, 119(5), e1016-e1025. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-2132 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2080625759
    Crossref OpenAlex
  21. Brice Faraut , Thomas Andrillon , Marie-Françoise Vecchierini , Damien Leger (2017). Napping: A public health issue. From epidemiological to laboratory studies . Sleep Medicine Reviews, 35, 85-100. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.09.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2519759318
    Crossref OpenAlex
  22. Xianchen Liu , Lianqi Liu , Judith A. Owens , Debra L. Kaplan (2005). Sleep Patterns and Sleep Problems Among Schoolchildren in the United States and China . Pediatrics, 115(Supplement_1), 241-249. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-0815f OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2088792020
    Crossref OpenAlex
  23. Fay E Fletcher , Mistral D Foster-Owens , Russell Conduit , Nicole Rinehart , Deborah M Riby , Kim M Cornish (2017). The developmental trajectory of parent-report and objective sleep profiles in autism spectrum disorder: Associations with anxiety and bedtime routines . Autism, 21(4), 493-503. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361316653365 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2467053065
    Crossref OpenAlex
  24. Suzanne E. Goldman , Susan McGrew , Kyle P. Johnson , Amanda Richdale , Traci Clemons , Beth A. Malow (2011). Sleep is associated with problem behaviors in children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(3), 1223-1229. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.010 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2089499930
    Crossref OpenAlex
  25. Anjalee W. Galion , Justin G. Farmer , Heidi V. Connolly , Virginia D. Allhusen , Amanda Bennett , Daniel L. Coury et al. (2024). A Practice Pathway for the Treatment of Night Wakings in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 54(8), 2926-2945. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06026-2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4382011831
    Crossref OpenAlex
  26. Amanda Richdale , Kimberly A. Schreck (2009). Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, nature, & possible biopsychosocial aetiologies . Sleep Medicine Reviews, 13(6), 403. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.02.003 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2105625037
    Crossref OpenAlex
  27. Suzanne E. Goldman , Martica Hall , Robert Boudreau , Karen A. Matthews , Jane A. Cauley , Sonia Ancoli-Israel et al. (2008). Association between Nighttime Sleep and Napping in Older Adults . Sleep, 31(5), 733-740. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/sleep/31.5.733 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2112715818
    Crossref OpenAlex
  28. Philip M. Podsakoff , Scott B. MacKenzie , Jeong-Yeon Lee , Nathan P. Podsakoff (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2106096361
    Crossref OpenAlex
  29. T. M. Ward , C. Gay , T. F. Anders , A. Alkon , K. A. Lee (2007). Sleep and Napping Patterns in 3-to-5-year old Children Attending Full-Day Childcare Centers . Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33(6), 666-672. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsm102 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2117444026
    Crossref OpenAlex
  30. Reut Gruber , Gail Somerville , Jose Arturo Santisteban (2020). Using Parental Report to Identify Children at Risk for Poor Sleep and Daytime Problems . Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 18(4), 460-476. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2019.1613236 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2945109269
    Crossref OpenAlex
  31. Luci Wiggs , Gregory Stores (2004). Sleep patterns and sleep disorders in children with autistic spectrum disorders: insights using parent report and actigraphy . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 46(6), 372-380. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1017/s0012162204000611 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2125300231
    Crossref OpenAlex
  32. Elizabeth Halstead , Emma Sullivan , Zoe Zambelli , Jason G Ellis , Dagmara Dimitriou (2021). The treatment of sleep problems in autistic adults in the United Kingdom . Autism, 25(8), 2412-2417. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211007226 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3162083066
    Crossref OpenAlex
  33. GuangHai Wang , GuangXing Xu , ZhiJun Liu , Ning Lu , Rui Ma , EnTao Zhang (2013). Sleep patterns and sleep disturbances among Chinese school-aged children: Prevalence and associated factors . Sleep Medicine, 14(1), 45-52. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2012.09.022 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2132215036
    Crossref OpenAlex
  34. Nadine Häusler , Pedro Marques-Vidal , José Haba-Rubio , Raphael Heinzer (2019). Does sleep predict next-day napping or does napping influence same-day nocturnal sleep? Results of a population-based ecological momentary assessment study . Sleep Medicine, 61, 31-36. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.04.014 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2944396782
    Crossref OpenAlex
  35. A. J Schwichtenberg , Ana-Maria Iosif , Beth Goodlin-Jones , Karen Tang , Thomas Anders (2011). Daytime Sleep Patterns in Preschool Children With Autism, Developmental Delay, and Typical Development . American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 116(2), 142-152. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-116.2.142 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2139480248
    Crossref OpenAlex
  36. (n.d.). Hayes A. F. 2012. PROCESS: A Versatile Computational Tool for Observed Variable Mediation Moderation and Conditional Process Modeling.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  37. S. Holley , C. M. Hill , Jennifer L. Stevenson (2011). An hour less sleep is a risk factor for childhood conduct problems . Child: Care, Health and Development, 37(4), 563-570. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01203.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2154744430
    Crossref OpenAlex
  38. Ikuko Hirata , Ikuko Mohri , Kumi Kato-Nishimura , Masaya Tachibana , Ayano Kuwada , Kuriko Kagitani-Shimono et al. (2016). Sleep problems are more frequent and associated with problematic behaviors in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49-50, 86-99. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2015.11.002 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2189634564
    Crossref OpenAlex
  39. Andréane Lambert , Sophie Tessier , Annie-Claude Rochette , Peter Scherzer , Laurent Mottron , Roger Godbout (2016). Poor sleep affects daytime functioning in typically developing and autistic children not complaining of sleep problems: A questionnaire-based and polysomnographic study . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 94-106. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2015.11.010 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2201606681
    Crossref OpenAlex
  40. Althea Robinson-Shelton , Beth A. Malow (2016). Sleep Disturbances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders . Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(1), 6-6. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s11920-015-0638-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2207498068
    Crossref OpenAlex
  41. Micah Mazurek , Kristin Sohl (2016). Sleep and Behavioral Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(6), 1906-1915. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2723-7 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2285721074
    Crossref OpenAlex
  42. Rie Hosokawa , Kentaro Kawabe , Kiwamu Nakachi , Ayumi Yoshino , Fumie Horiuchi , Shu-ichi Ueno (2021). Behavioral Affect in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder during School Closures Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: A Case-Controlled Study . Developmental Neuropsychology, 46(4), 288-297. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2021.1939350 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3175507247
    Crossref OpenAlex
  43. Karen P. Jakubowski , Jennifer M. Boylan , Jenny M. Cundiff , Karen A. Matthews (2017). Poor sleep moderates the relationship between daytime napping and inflammation in Black and White men . Sleep Health, 3(5), 328-335. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2017.06.005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2736282671
    Crossref OpenAlex
  44. Shalini Paruthi , Lee J. Brooks , Carolyn D’Ambrosio , Wendy A. Hall , Suresh Kotagal , Robin M. Lloyd et al. (2016). Recommended Amount of Sleep for Pediatric Populations: A Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine . Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(6), 785-786. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5866 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2422550148
    Crossref OpenAlex
  45. Mina Jeon , Dagmara Dimitriou , Elizabeth J. Halstead (2021). A Systematic Review on Cross-Cultural Comparative Studies of Sleep in Young Populations: The Roles of Cultural Factors . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 2005. MDPI AG.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042005 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3133384802
    Crossref OpenAlex
  46. Igor A. Kelmanson (2020). Sleep disturbances and their associations with emotional/behavioural problems in 5-year-old boys with autism spectrum disorders . Early Child Development and Care, 190(2), 236-251. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/03004430.2018.1464622 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2800994627
    Crossref OpenAlex
  47. Heeyeon Kim , Jae Han Kim , Ju Hyeon Yi , Jong Yeob Kim , Marco Solmi , Samuele Cortese et al. (2024). Correlations between sleep problems, core symptoms, and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(5), 1539-1549. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02253-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4384925175
    Crossref OpenAlex
  48. Janna Mantua , Rebecca M.C. Spencer (2017). Exploring the nap paradox: are mid-day sleep bouts a friend or foe? Sleep Medicine, 37, 88-97. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.01.019 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2593397540
    Crossref OpenAlex
  49. Jianghong Liu , Rui Feng , Xiaopeng Ji , Naixue Cui , Adrian Raine , Sara C Mednick (2019). Midday napping in children: associations between nap frequency and duration across cognitive, positive psychological well-being, behavioral, and metabolic health outcomes . Sleep, 42(9). Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz126 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2947488207
    Crossref OpenAlex
  50. Jon L. Quach , Cattram D. Nguyen , Kate E. Williams , Emma Sciberras (2018). Bidirectional Associations Between Child Sleep Problems and Internalizing and Externalizing Difficulties From Preschool to Early Adolescence . JAMA Pediatrics, 172(2), e174363. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.4363 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2773658454
    Crossref OpenAlex
  51. Jianghong Liu , Andrea L. Glenn , Naixue Cui , Adrian Raine (2021). Longitudinal bidirectional association between sleep and behavior problems at age 6 and 11 years . Sleep Medicine, 83, 290-298. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.04.039 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3159576631
    Crossref OpenAlex
  52. Judith A. Owens , Anthony Spirito , Melissa McGuinn (2015). Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire . PsycTESTS Dataset. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Dataset DOI: 10.1037/t33022-000 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2912208941
    Crossref OpenAlex
  53. Michael P Mead , Phat Huynh , Trung Q Le , Leah A Irish (2022). Temporal Associations Between Daytime Napping and Nocturnal Sleep: An Exploration of Random Slopes . Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 56(11), 1101-1109. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaac006 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4213414682
    Crossref OpenAlex
  54. Sally Staton , Peter S. Rankin , Mollie Harding , Simon S. Smith , Emily Westwood , Monique K. LeBourgeois et al. (2020). Many naps, one nap, none: A systematic review and meta-analysis of napping patterns in children 0–12 years . Sleep Medicine Reviews, 50, 101247. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101247 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2990459664
    Crossref OpenAlex
  55. Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (2023). Statistical Bulletin of National Education Development in 2022 . Statistical Bulletin of National Education Development in 2022.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  56. Sally Whelan , Arlene Mannion , Azeem Madden , Fine Berger , Rachel Costello , Saeid Ghadiri Foroshani et al. (2022). Examining the Relationship Between Sleep Quality, Social Functioning, and Behavior Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review . Nature and Science of Sleep, 14, 675. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.2147/nss.s239622 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4224143131
    Crossref OpenAlex
  57. A. J. Schwichtenberg , Amy Janis , Alex Lindsay , Hetvi Desai , Archit Sahu , Ashleigh Kellerman et al. (2022). Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Narrative Review and Systematic Update . Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 8(4), 51-61. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40675-022-00234-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4308492933
    Crossref OpenAlex