Identifying Autism in Women Diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder: Clinician and Lived Experience Perspectives

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. two authors of this publication are identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Metadata sources used for this reference

OpenAlex Crossref
Learn more about the sources used

Parker, J., Thompson, E., Mandy, W., McCabe, R., Stark, E., & Barnicot, K. (2026). Identifying Autism in Women Diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder: Clinician and Lived Experience Perspectives. Autism in Adulthood. https://doi.org/10.1177/25739581261486817

Journal or book title
Autism in Adulthood
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Article number
25739581261486817
Publication date: 17 Sep 2026 Added to AutiHub: 24 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
Publisher source (DOI) OpenAlex source

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
6
Publication authors identified as autistic
2 / 6 (33.3%)
  1. Jennie Parker *
  2. Elissa Thompson
  3. Will Mandy
  1. Rose McCabe
  2. Eloise Stark *
  3. Kirsten Barnicot

Abstract

Background: Growing numbers of people with a borderline personality disorder (BPD) diagnosis are querying whether they have undiagnosed autism. Previous qualitative research has not focused on identifying barriers and facilitators to this diagnostic journey, has not explored the perspectives of clinicians, and has not included the experiences of people who are unsure whether they are autistic or not. We aimed to understand lived experience and clinician perspectives on facilitators and barriers to recognizing undiagnosed autism in women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB) with a diagnosis of personality disorder. Methods: We carried out in-depth qualitative interviews with 15 mental health clinicians and 15 women/AFAB people who had a current or prior diagnosis of BPD and identified as definitely or possibly autistic, from across the United Kingdom. We analyzed the interview data using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Both clinician and lived experience participants identified many barriers to recognizing autism in women and AFAB people with a BPD diagnosis: BPD diagnoses being made with minimal assessment during mental health crises, systemic incentivization to diagnose BPD in order to access psychological therapies, siloed service pathways, clinician reluctance to question preexisting BPD diagnoses, pathologizing of patients for questioning their BPD diagnosis, and lack of clinician knowledge about different presentations of autism or about ways that autism presents similarly and differently to BPD. Participants identified numerous ways in which autistic characteristics could be misattributed as symptomatic of BPD, further contributing to missed or misdiagnosis. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that improving clinician awareness of different presentations of autism, and of differential diagnosis from BPD, is likely to reduce misdiagnosis, alongside avoiding rapid diagnostic decisions during mental health crises. Our study highlights the value of being open to questioning preexisting diagnoses, joint working across autism and personality disorder services, and improving transdiagnostic access to psychological interventions.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 2 Oct 2026 17:07.

Cited references
63
With a DOI
51
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
12
8 / 63 (12.7%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
8 / 63 (12.7%)
References with detected author names
55 / 63 (87.3%)
Without detected author names
8
Without a structured title
8
Without a stable identifier
12
References with raw author names still to review
8
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
253
From DOI or external metadata
253
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
8
117 / 253 (46.2%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 136 / 253 (53.8%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
9 / 253 (3.6%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 9 / 117 (7.7%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 9 / 228 (3.9%).
  2. Vasiliki Kentrou , Milou Oostervink , Anke Scheeren , Sander Begeer (2021). Stability of co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses in autistic men and women . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 82(82), 101736. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101736 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3126928910
    Crossref OpenAlex
  3. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology . Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1979290264
    Crossref OpenAlex
  4. Meng-Chuan Lai , Simon Baron-Cohen (2015). Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions . The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(11), 1013. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00277-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2128937542
    Crossref OpenAlex
  5. Clare Shaw , Gillian Proctor (2005). I. Women at the Margins: A Critique of the Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder . Feminism & Psychology, 15(4), 483-490. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/0959-353505057620 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1990682158
    Crossref OpenAlex
  6. Goldie A. McQuaid , Allison B. Ratto , Allison Jack , Alexis Khuu , Jessica V Smith , Sean C Duane et al. (2024). Gender, assigned sex at birth, and gender diversity: Windows into diagnostic timing disparities in autism . Autism, 28(11), 2806-2820. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613241243117 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4394578709
    Crossref OpenAlex
  7. Dana Becker , Sharon Lamb (1994). Sex bias in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25(1), 55-61. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.25.1.55 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2035853947
    Crossref OpenAlex
  8. Maj‐Britt Posserud , Berit Skretting Solberg , Anders Engeland , Jan Haavik , Kari Klungsøyr (2021). Male to female ratios in autism spectrum disorders by age, intellectual disability and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 144(6), 635-646. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/acps.13368 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3196877855
    Crossref OpenAlex
  9. Vanessa Hus , Catherine Lord (2014). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Module 4: Revised Algorithm and Standardized Severity Scores . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1996-2012. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2080-3 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2049567796
    Crossref OpenAlex
  10. Laura Hull , K.V. Petrides , Will Mandy (2020). The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review . Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 7(4), 306-317. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3004137504
    Crossref OpenAlex
  11. Phil McEvoy , David Richards (2003). Critical realism: a way forward for evaluation research in nursing? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43(4), 411-420. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02730.x OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2049608071
    Crossref OpenAlex
  12. Alexandra Leedham , Andrew R. Thompson , Richard Smith , Megan Freeth (2020). ‘I was exhausted trying to figure it out’: The experiences of females receiving an autism diagnosis in middle to late adulthood . Autism, 24(1), 135. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361319853442 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2947577397
    Crossref OpenAlex
  13. Meng-Chuan Lai , Michael Lombardo , Greg Pasco , Amber Ruigrok , Sally J. Wheelwright , Susan A. Sadek et al. (2011). A Behavioral Comparison of Male and Female Adults with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Conditions . PLoS ONE, 6(6), e20835. Public Library of Science (PLoS).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020835 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2148661798
    Crossref OpenAlex
  14. Kristy Koehne , Bridget Hamilton , Natisha Sands , Cathy Humphreys (2013). Working around a contested diagnosis: Borderline personality disorder in adolescence . Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine, 17(1), 37-56. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1363459312447253 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2134701610
    Crossref OpenAlex
  15. Felicity Sedgewick , Vivian Hill , Rhiannon Yates , Leanne Pickering , Elizabeth Pellicano (2016). Gender Differences in the Social Motivation and Friendship Experiences of Autistic and Non-autistic Adolescents . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(4), 1297-1306. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2669-1 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2199714476
    Crossref OpenAlex
  17. Laura Hull , K.V. Petrides , Carrie T. Allison , P. Smith , Simon Baron-Cohen , Meng-Chuan Lai et al. (2017). “Putting on My Best Normal”: Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519-2534. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2616560149
    Crossref OpenAlex
  18. Kiyoharu Takara , Tsuyoshi Kondo (2015). How and Why is Autism Spectrum Disorder Misdiagnosed in Adult Patients? - From Diagnostic Problem to Management for Adjustment - . Mental Health in Family Medicine, 11(02), 73. JCF Corporate Consulting Services.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.25149/1756-8358.1102011 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2212939255
    Crossref OpenAlex
  19. C Ellie Wilson , Clodagh M Murphy , Grainne McAlonan , Dene M Robertson , Debbie Spain , Hannah Hayward et al. (2016). Does sex influence the diagnostic evaluation of autism spectrum disorder in adults? Autism, 20(7), 808-819. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361315611381 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2319586993
    Crossref OpenAlex
  20. Kirsti Malterud , Volkert Dirk Siersma , Ann Dorrit Guassora (2016). Sample Size in Qualitative Interview Studies . Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753-1760. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1049732315617444 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2305278139
    Crossref OpenAlex
  21. Vasiliki Kentrou , Lucy A Livingston , Rachel Grove , Rosa A. Hoekstra , Sander Begeer (2024). Perceived misdiagnosis of psychiatric conditions in autistic adults . eClinicalMedicine, 71, 102586. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102586 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4393965431
    Crossref OpenAlex
  22. Gould J (2011). Missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis? Girls and women on the autism spectrum . GAP, 12(1), 34.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  23. Laura Foran Lewis (2016). Exploring the Experience of Self-Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults . Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30(5), 575-580. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2016.03.009 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2326293265
    Crossref OpenAlex
  24. Wouter Braamhorst , Jill Lobbestael , Wilco H.M. Emons , Arnoud Arntz , Cilia L.M. Witteman , Marrie H.J. Bekker (2015). Sex Bias in Classifying Borderline and Narcissistic Personality Disorder . Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 203(10), 804-808. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000371 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2471327778
    Crossref OpenAlex
  25. Sheena K. Au‐Yeung , Louise Bradley , Ashley Robertson , Rebecca Shaw , Simon Baron-Cohen , Sarah Cassidy (2019). Experience of mental health diagnosis and perceived misdiagnosis in autistic, possibly autistic and non-autistic adults . Autism, 23(6), 1508-1518. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/1362361318818167 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2905534692
    Crossref OpenAlex
  26. González Moreno, Andrés Santiago (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . American Psychiatric Association.
    Type: Book DOI: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4247665917
    Crossref OpenAlex
  27. Rachel Loomes , Laura Hull , Will Mandy (2017). What Is the Male-to-Female Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466-474. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2604697269
    Crossref OpenAlex
  28. Rydén G (2008). Borderline personality disorder and autism spectrum disorder in females: A cross-sectional study . Clin Neuropsychiatry, 5(1), 22.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  29. Traolach Brugha , Freya Tyrer , Andrew Leaver , Samantha Lewis , Sarah Seaton , Zoe Morgan et al. (2020). Testing adults by questionnaire for social and communication disorders, including autism spectrum disorders, in an adult mental health service population . International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 29(1), e1814-e1814. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1814 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2997317050
    Crossref OpenAlex
  30. Nader Perroud , Deborah Badoud , Sébastien Weibel , Rosetta Nicastro , Roland Hasler , Anne-Lise Küng et al. (2017). Mentalization in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Comparison with controls and patients with borderline personality disorder . Psychiatry Research, 256, 334-341. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.087 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2733650378
    Crossref OpenAlex
  31. Goldie A. McQuaid , John F. Strang , Allison Jack (2024). Borderline Personality as a Factor in Late, Missed, and Mis-Diagnosis in Autistic Girls and Women: A Conceptual Analysis . Autism in Adulthood, 6(4), 401-427. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2023.0034 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4390604695
    Crossref OpenAlex
  32. (n.d.). 20. Aves W. #AutismNotPD: Borderline personality disorder vs. autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry is Driving Me Mad. https://www.psychiatryisdrivingmemad.co.uk/post/autismnotpd-borderline-personality-disorder-vs-autism-spectrum-disorder [Last accessed: July24 2026].
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  33. R. Lester , L. Prescott , Mark McCormack , M. Sampson , North West Boroughs Healthcare, NHS Foundation Trust (2020). Service users' experiences of receiving a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder: A systematic review . Personality and Mental Health, 14(3), 263-283. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1478 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3007701616
    Crossref OpenAlex
  35. Robin Iliffe‐Lewis , Alison M. Bacon (2026). ‘The true me’: Unravelling the dual narrative of borderline personality disorder and autistic spectrum disorder . British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(2), 689-707. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/bjc.70042 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W7134188457
    Crossref OpenAlex
  37. Katharina Krämer , Annekatrin Vetter , Ulrich Schultz-Venrath , Kai Vogeley , Sophia Reul (2021). Mentalization-Based Treatment in Groups for Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder . Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 708557-708557. Frontiers Media SA.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708557 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3189588652
    Crossref OpenAlex
  39. Julie Cumin , Sandra Pelaez , Laurent Mottron (2022). Positive and differential diagnosis of autism in verbal women of typical intelligence: A Delphi study . Autism, 26(5), 1153-1164. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/13623613211042719 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3199578945
    Crossref OpenAlex
  40. Rachel Sarr , Debbie Spain , Alice M. G. Quinton , Francesca Happé , Chris R. Brewin , Jonathan Radcliffe et al. (2025). Differential diagnosis of autism, attachment disorders, complex post‐traumatic stress disorder and emotionally unstable personality disorder: A Delphi study . British Journal of Psychology, 116(1), 1-33. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12731 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4402690519
    Crossref OpenAlex
  41. Doha Bemmouna , Romain Coutelle , Sébastien Weibel , Luisa Weiner (2022). Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(10), 4337-4354. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05317-w OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3202632530
    Crossref OpenAlex
  42. Virginia Braun , Victoria Clarke , Nikki Hayfield , Louise Davey , Elizabeth Jenkinson (2022). Doing Reflexive Thematic Analysis . In Supporting Research in Counselling and Psychotherapy (pp. 19-38). Springer International Publishing.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-13942-0_2 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4317823576
    Crossref OpenAlex
  44. Matthew de Broize , Kiah Evans , Andrew Whitehouse , John Wray , Valsamma Eapen , Anna Urbanowicz (2022). Exploring the Experience of Seeking an Autism Diagnosis as an Adult . Autism in Adulthood, 4(2), 130-140. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2021.0028 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4200092124
    Crossref OpenAlex
  45. (n.d.). 32. Improving Recognition and Understanding of Autism and Personality Disorder. Our research. study 1. https://www.autismandpersonalitydisorder.org/detailed-overview-of-our-research-studies [Last accessed: July2 2026].
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  46. Janina Brede , Eilidh Cage , Joseph Trott , Lisa Palmer , Anika Smith , Lucy Serpell et al. (2022). “We Have to Try to Find a Way, a Clinical Bridge” - autistic adults' experience of accessing and receiving support for mental health difficulties: A systematic review and thematic meta-synthesis . Clinical Psychology Review, 93, 102131. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102131 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4210911395
    Crossref OpenAlex
  47. Nicolò Zarotti , Clive Hudson , Hannah‐Rose Human , Greco Muratori , Paul Fisher (2022). ‘It's working together with what you've got’: Healthcare professionals' experiences of working with people with combined intellectual disability and personality disorder diagnoses . Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 35(6), 1317-1326. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/jar.13020 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4283213516
    Crossref OpenAlex
  48. (n.d.). 35. Lumivero. Nvivo (version 14). 2023. https://lumivero.com/products/nvivo/
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  49. Jay Watts (2023). Engendering misunderstanding: autism and borderline personality disorder . International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 27(3), 316-317. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2023.2187843 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4327554742
    Crossref OpenAlex
  50. Jay Watts (2024). The epistemic injustice of borderline personality disorder . BJPsych International, 21(4), 78-82. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1192/bji.2024.16 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4396870582
    Crossref OpenAlex
  52. Janine Robinson , Ailsa Russell , Kate Johnston , Louise Acker , Jason Crabtree , Ayla Humphrey et al. (2024). Expanding and developing the workforce to serve autistic people and people with intellectual disability . Clinical Psychology Forum, 1(375), 60-74. British Psychological Society.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.53841/bpscpf.2024.1.375.60 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4396805330
    Crossref OpenAlex
  53. (n.d.). 43. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Borderline personality disorder: Recognition and management [Clinical Guideline CG78]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2009. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg78
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  54. (n.d.). 44. NHS Digital. Autism waiting time statistics. 2025. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/autism-statistics
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  55. Grace Trundle , Verity Chester , Zoe Alexander , Phoebe Morris , Indigo Crump (2025). Guidelines to Assist in Autism Diagnostic Assessments with Females: A Delphi Study . Autism in Adulthood. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1089/aut.2024.0325 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4411834575
    Crossref OpenAlex
  56. Tiffany Nelson , Hannah Lichwa (2025). The lived experiences of masking black Autistic girls in UK education: “before people see the autism, they see my race.” . Educational Psychology in Practice, 41(4), 417. Informa UK Limited.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1080/02667363.2025.2541211 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4412882112
    Crossref OpenAlex
  57. Desiree R Jones , Monique Botha * , Noah Sasson (2026). “I’m Kind of Stuck in the Middle. I Don’t Know Where to Go”: Race, Autism, and Intersectional Stigma Among Black and White Autistic Adults . Autism in Adulthood. SAGE Publications.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1177/25739581251374440 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W7084086365
    Crossref OpenAlex
  58. Rachael C. Martin , Aspasia Stacey Rabba , Martin Sellbom (2026). Overlapping symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD ), autism, and personality disorder in a community sample . British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(2), 508-529. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1111/bjc.70037 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W7124147516
    Crossref OpenAlex
  59. Wright BJD (2016). An autism spectrum disorders forum: A model for the effective use of multidisciplinary assessment and intervention planning with limited clinical resources . Autism-Open Access, 6(4), 1000186.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  60. (n.d.). 52. NHS England. A national framework to deliver improved outcomes in all-age autism assessment pathways: Guidance for integrated care boards. NHSE; 2023. https://www.england.nhs.uk/publication/autism-diagnosis-and-operational-guidance/ [Last accessed: June 2026].
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  61. (n.d.). 53. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Autism spectrum disorder in adults: Diagnosis and management [Clinical guideline Reference number:CG142]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2021. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg142 [Last accessed: May 2026].
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  62. (n.d.). 54. Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust. Complex Emotional Needs (CEN) service. 2026. https://www.sussexpartnership.nhs.uk/your-mental-health/getting-help/complex-emotional-needs-services [Last accessed: May 2026].
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  63. O’Sullivan S (2025). The Age of Diagnosis: How the Overdiagnosis Epidemic is Making Us Sick . The Age of Diagnosis: How the Overdiagnosis Epidemic is Making Us Sick.
    Type: Other
    Crossref