Improving outcomes for people with autism spectrum disorders by reducing mental health problems: the IAMHealth research programme including one RCT

This publication is included in the Autistic Autism Scholarship Project. one author of this publication is identified as autistic in the project.

About the autistic author marker

Simonoff, E., Baird, G., Beresford, B., Charman, T., Knapp, M., Pickles, A., Povey, C., Purser, T., Santosh, P., Slonims, V., & Scott, S. (2025). Improving outcomes for people with autism spectrum disorders by reducing mental health problems: the IAMHealth research programme including one RCT. Programme Grants for Applied Research, 1-58. https://doi.org/10.3310/yrkp9867

Publication date: 1 May 2025 Added to AutiHub: 9 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English

This publication is integrated into AutiHub through:

Authors

Publication authors
11
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 11 (9.1%)

Abstract

Background Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition whose core symptoms include impairments in social communication, restricted and repetitive behaviours and sensory atypicalities, which can have varying severity. Most autistic people experience additional, impairing mental health and behavioural problems, but these are often under-recognised by healthcare professionals, autistic people and their caretakers. Objective(s) We aim to improve identification of mental health problems by developing a tool for clinical use, which can also be used to monitor treatment response. Design Work package 1: we developed and validated a new instrument to provide improved detection of mental health and behavioural problems in autistic people from childhood through to adult life. Work package 2: we explored how autistic young adults understand and manage their mental health. Work package 3: we undertook a cohort study to identify risk and protective factors for mental health and behavioural problems in autistic adolescents. Work package 4: we undertook a pilot feasibility randomised controlled trial of Predictive Parenting compared to group-based psychoeducation and active control intervention. It was not the aim of the pilot feasibility randomised controlled trial to undertake hypothesis testing. Setting Participants in work package 1 were ascertained through clinical sites within London and Liverpool and through specialist autism schools in London. In work package 2, participants were selected from a cohort originally ascertained from 11 regions across south-east England. Participants were drawn from London Boroughs of Bromley and Lewisham (work packages 3 and 4) and London Borough of Lambeth (work package 4). Participants Work package 1: 255 parents of autistic children/adolescent; work package 2: 19 autistic young adults; work package 3: QUEST cohort of 277 children; work package: 62 children. Intervention Predictive Parenting – a novel parent-mediated intervention. Main outcome measure Work package 4: a blinded observational measure of child behaviours that challenge. Results We developed the Assessment of Concerning Behaviour to be completed by parents/caretakers, autistic children/young people/adults and teachers, and showed it has two reliable and valid subscales reflecting emotional and behavioural problems. We identified that poor or incomplete understanding of autism affected young adults’ and parents’ understanding, discernment and management of mental health difficulties. We showed strong continuity of emotional and behavioural problems as well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from early childhood to late adolescence, with prediction being largely within domain (emotional, behavioural or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). Early childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms had a significant negative impact on adolescent everyday functioning. At an individual level, parents’ accounts suggested multiple factors may affect mental health trajectories and outcomes in the late teenage years. Our pilot feasibility trial of our new intervention, Predictive Parenting, directed at parents of young autistic children was highly acceptable and feasible to deliver. Limitations To date, only the parent version of the Assessment of Concerning Behaviour has had its psychometric properties ascertained. We combined clinical and non-clinical samples and the scale could have different psychometric properties for these two groups. The qualitative work in work package 2 was limited to young adults without an intellectual disability and there was under-representation of females and non-white ethnicity, as well as those with severe mental health problems. The QUEST cohort in work package 3 was derived from those receiving an early autism diagnosis, who are more likely to have severe autistic presentations and intellectual disability, so the results may not generalise to the full autistic population. The pilot feasibility study had a small sample size and hence modest power to detect group differences; the lack of an objective rating of intervention fidelity; the lack of a treatment as usual group to track the natural trajectory of child and parent behaviours over time; and the fact that although the researchers who coded the observational measure were blinded to intervention allocation, they were not blinded to time point. Conclusions The research undertaken in the current programme shows that mental health and behavioural problems are more common in autistic people and are strongly persistent over time, even when they commence in the early childhood period. Interventions for mental health and behavioural problems are a priority for autistic people and their families. However, we showed that autistic people and their families often find it difficult to discern the difference between autistic features and mental health and behavioural problems. Future work A definitive randomised controlled trial including an economic evaluation is needed to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Predictive Parenting. Future longitudinal research could focus on modifiable risk and resilience factors related to mental health problems in autistic people and could determine whether routine use of mental health screening questionnaires increases the identification and treatment of mental health problems in autistic children and young people. Trial registration This trial is registered as Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN91411078. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Programme Grants for Applied Research programme (NIHR award ref: RP-PG-1211-20016) and is published in full in Programme Grants for Applied Research; Vol. 13, No. 5. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

Bibliography cited by this reference

Cited references are imported from external metadata sources when they are available. The list may be partial.

Cited bibliography overview

These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 12 Sep 2026 18:19.

Cited references
127
With a DOI
110
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
16
0 / 127 (0.0%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
1 / 127 (0.8%)
References with detected author names
126 / 127 (99.2%)
Without detected author names
1
Without a structured title
0
Without a stable identifier
15
References with raw author names still to review
0
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
773
From DOI or external metadata
773
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
0
261 / 773 (33.8%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 512 / 773 (66.2%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
0 / 773 (0.0%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 0 / 261 (0.0%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 0 / 495 (0.0%).
  1. Mike Slade , Graham Thornicroft (2025). Measuring mental health needs . In Oxford Textbook of Community Mental Health (pp. 65-72). Oxford University PressOxford.
    OpenAlex
  2. Mayada Elsabbagh , Gauri Divan , Yun‐Joo Koh , Young Shin Kim , Shuaib Kauchali , Carlos Marcín et al. (2012). Global Prevalence of Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders . Autism Research, 5(3), 160-179. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.239 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2098251401
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  3. Valentina Postorino , William G. Sharp , Courtney E. McCracken , Karen Bearss , T. Lindsey Burrell , A. Nichole Evans et al. (2017). A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Parent Training for Disruptive Behavior in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 20(4), 391-402. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  4. Jane Barlow , Hanna Bergman , Hege Kornør , Yinghui Wei , Cathy Bennett (2016). Group-based parent training programmes for improving emotional and behavioural adjustment in young children . Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016(8), CD003680-CD003680. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  5. Ariane V. S. Buescher , Zuleyha Cidav , Martin Knapp , DAVID S. MANDELL (2014). Costs of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the United Kingdom and the United States . JAMA Pediatrics, 168(8), 721. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  6. Nicholas Henry Falk , Kimberley Norris , Michael G. Quinn (2014). The Factors Predicting Stress, Anxiety and Depression in the Parents of Children with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(12), 3185-3203. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  7. M G Aman , N N Singh , A W Stewart , C J Field (1985). The aberrant behavior checklist: a behavior rating scale for the assessment of treatment effects . Am J Ment Defic, 89(5), 485.
    Type: Article OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1561051627
    Crossref OpenAlex
  8. Emily Simonoff , Andrew Pickles , Tony Charman , Susie Chandler , Tom Loucas , Gillian Baird (2008). Psychiatric Disorders in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Associated Factors in a Population-Derived Sample . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(8), 921-929. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  9. Virginia Carter Leno , Matthew Hollocks , Susie Chandler , Pippa White , Isabel Yorke , Tony Charman et al. (2022). Homotypic and Heterotypic Continuity in Psychiatric Symptoms From Childhood to Adolescence in Autistic Youth . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(12), 1445-1454. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  10. Penny Dade (2013). Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders . Reference Reviews, 27(6), 34-35. Emerald.
    OpenAlex
  11. Paramala Santosh , Joanne Tarver , Felicity Gibbons , Silia Vitoratou , Emily Simonoff (2016). Protocol for the development and validation of a questionnaire to assess concerning behaviours and mental health in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: the Assessment of Concerning Behaviour (ACB) scale . BMJ Open, 6(3), e010693. BMJ.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  12. ADRIAN ANGOLD , E. JANE COSTELLO (2000). The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(1), 39-48. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  13. S C Yudofsky , J M Silver , W Jackson , J Endicott , D Williams (1986). The Overt Aggression Scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression . American Journal of Psychiatry, 143(1), 35-39. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  14. Joanne Tarver , Silia Vitoratou , Mathilde Mastroianni , Natalie Heaney , Eleanor Bennett , Felicity Gibbons et al. (2021). Development and Psychometric Properties of a New Questionnaire to Assess Mental Health and Concerning Behaviors in Children and Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): The Assessment of Concerning Behavior (ACB) Scale . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(8), 2812-2828. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  15. Dave Parsons , Reinie Cordier , Sharmila Vaz , Hoe C Lee (2017). Parent-Mediated Intervention Training Delivered Remotely for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Living Outside of Urban Areas: Systematic Review . Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(8), e198. JMIR Publications Inc..
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  16. Emily Simonoff , Catherine R. G. Jones , Gillian Baird , Andrew Pickles , Francesca Happé , Tony Charman (2013). The persistence and stability of psychiatric problems in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 186-194. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  17. Meng-Chuan Lai , Caroline Kassee , Richard Besney , Sarah Bonato , Laura Hull , Will Mandy et al. (2019). Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis . The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 819-829. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  18. Lawrence Scahill , Luc Lecavalier , Robert T. Schultz , Andrea Nichole Evans , Brenna B. Maddox , Jill Pritchett et al. (2019). Development of the Parent-Rated Anxiety Scale for Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(9), 887-896.e2. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  19. Leann E. Smith , Jan S. Greenberg , Marsha Mailick Seltzer , Jinkuk Hong (2008). Symptoms and Behavior Problems of Adolescents and Adults With Autism: Effects of Mother–Child Relationship Quality, Warmth, and Praise . American Journal on Mental Retardation, 113(5), 387-402. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  20. Connor M. Kerns , Philip C. Kendall , Leandra Berry , Margaret C. Souders , Martin E. Franklin , Robert T. Schultz et al. (2014). Traditional and Atypical Presentations of Anxiety in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(11), 2851-2861. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  21. Edmund J.S. Sonuga-Barke , Daniel Brandeis , Samuele Cortese , David Daley , Maite Ferrin , Martin Holtmann et al. (2013). Nonpharmacological Interventions for ADHD: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials of Dietary and Psychological Treatments . American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(3), 275-289. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  22. Richard P. Hastings , Tony Brown (2002). Behavior Problems of Children With Autism, Parental Self-Efficacy, and Mental Health . American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(3), 222. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  23. Patricia Howlin , Philippa Moss , Sarah Savage , Patrick Bolton , Michael Rutter (2015). Outcomes in Adult Life Among Siblings of Individuals with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(3), 707-718. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  24. Emily Simonoff , Rachel Kent , Dominic Stringer , Catherine Lord , Jackie Briskman , Steve Lukito et al. (2020). Trajectories in Symptoms of Autism and Cognitive Ability in Autism From Childhood to Adult Life: Findings From a Longitudinal Epidemiological Cohort . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(12), 1342-1352. Elsevier BV.
    OpenCitations
  25. Elizabeth A. Stratis , Luc Lecavalier (2015). Informant Agreement for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Intellectual Disability: A Meta-analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(4), 1026-1041. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  26. Wechsler (2011). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence – Second Edition (WASI-II) . Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence – Second Edition (WASI-II).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  27. the Pathways in ASD Study Team , Anat Zaidman-Zait , Pat Mirenda , Eric Duku , Péter Szatmári , Stelios Georgiades et al. (2014). Examination of Bidirectional Relationships Between Parent Stress and Two Types of Problem Behavior in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1908-1917. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  28. Andrew G. Billings , Rudolf H. Moos (1983). Comparisons of children of depressed and nondepressed parents: A social-environmental perspective . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11(4), 463-485. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  29. Achenbach (2006). Forensic Uses of Clinical Assessment Instruments . Forensic Uses of Clinical Assessment Instruments.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  30. Joanne Tarver , Melanie Palmer , Sophie Webb , Stephen Scott , Vicky Slonims , Emily Simonoff et al. (2019). Child and parent outcomes following parent interventions for child emotional and behavioral problems in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Autism, 23(7), 1630-1644. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  31. Ian R. White , Simon G. Thompson (2005). Adjusting for partially missing baseline measurements in randomized trials . Statistics in Medicine, 24(7), 993-1007. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/sim.1981 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1983722797
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  32. Steve Lukito , Catherine R. G. Jones , Andrew Pickles , Gillian Baird , Francesca Happé , Tony Charman et al. (2017). Specificity of executive function and theory of mind performance in relation to attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms in autism spectrum disorders . Molecular Autism, 8(1), 60. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  33. M. Chowdhury , M. G. Aman , L. Scahill , N. Swiezy , L. E. Arnold , L. Lecavalier et al. (2010). The Home Situations Questionnaire‐PDD version: Factor structure and psychometric properties . Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(3), 281-291. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  34. Susie Chandler , Virginia Carter Leno , Philippa White , Isabel Yorke , Matthew Hollocks , Gillian Baird et al. (2022). Pathways to adaptive functioning in autism from early childhood to adolescence . Autism Research, 15(10), 1883-1893. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2785 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4288084751
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  35. Will Mandy , Laura Roughan , David Skuse (2014). Three Dimensions of Oppositionality in Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(2), 291-300. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  36. Sophie Carruthers , Rachel Kent , Matthew Hollocks , Emily Simonoff (2020). Brief Report: Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (SCAS) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) in Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(7), 2625-2632. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  37. Fernando Salazar , Gillian Baird , Susie Chandler , Evelin Tseng , Tony O’sullivan , Patricia Howlin et al. (2015). Co-occurring Psychiatric Disorders in Preschool and Elementary School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), 2283-2294. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  38. Rutter (2003). The Social Communication Questionnaire . The Social Communication Questionnaire..
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  39. Paul Shattuck , Mary Wagner , Sarah Narendorf , Paul Sterzing , Melissa Hensley (2011). Post–High School Service Use Among Young Adults With an Autism Spectrum Disorder . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 165(2), 141. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  40. Susie Chandler , Patricia Howlin , Emily Simonoff , Tony O'Sullivan , Evelin Tseng , Juliet Kennedy et al. (2016). Emotional and behavioural problems in young children with autism spectrum disorder . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 58(2), 202-208. Wiley.
    OpenCitations
  41. Richard P. Hastings , Hanna Kovshoff , Nicholas J. Ward , Francesca degli Espinosa , Tony Brown , Bob Remington (2005). Systems Analysis of Stress and Positive Perceptions in Mothers and Fathers of Pre-School Children with Autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(5), 635-644. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  42. Robert Goodman , Tamsin Ford , Helen Simmons , Rebecca Gatward , Howart Meltzer (2000). Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample . British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(6), 534-539. Royal College of Psychiatrists.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  43. Tamsin Ford , Robert Goodman , Howard Meltzer (2004). The relative importance of child, family, school and neighbourhood correlates of childhood psychiatric disorder . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39(6), 487. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  44. Edmund Coleman-Fountain , Carole Buckley , Bryony Beresford (2020). Improving mental health in autistic young adults: a qualitative study exploring help-seeking barriers in UK primary care . British Journal of General Practice, 70(694), e356-e363. Royal College of General Practitioners.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  45. Virginia Carter Leno , Susie Chandler , Phillipa White , Isabel Yorke , Tony Charman , Catherine R. G. Jones et al. (2021). Associations between theory of mind and conduct problems in autistic and nonautistic youth . Autism Research, 14(2), 276-288. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2346 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W3044806220
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  46. Susan L. Edwards , Ronald M. Rapee , Susan J. Kennedy , Susan H. Spence (2010). The Assessment of Anxiety Symptoms in Preschool-Aged Children: The Revised Preschool Anxiety Scale . Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39(3), 400-409. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  47. Coleman-Fountain (2018). The Challenge of Wicked Problems in Health and Social Care: An International Text: Routledge Studies in Health Management . The Challenge of Wicked Problems in Health and Social Care: An International Text: Routledge Studies in Health Management.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  48. STEPHANIE H. McCONAUGHY , CATHERINE STANGER , THOMAS M. ACHENBACH (1992). Three-Year Course of Behavioral/Emotional Problems in a National Sample of 4− to 16-Year-Olds: I. Agreement among Informants . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(5), 932-940. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  49. SUSAN RISI , Catherine Lord , Katherine Gotham , CHRISTINA CORSELLO , CHRISTINA CHRYSLER , Péter Szatmári et al. (2006). Combining Information From Multiple Sources in the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(9), 1094-1103. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  50. Edmund Coleman-Fountain (2017). Uneasy encounters: Youth, social (dis)comfort and the autistic self . Social Science & Medicine, 185, 9-16. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  51. Megan Kavanaugh , Jill S. Halterman , Guillermo Montes , Mike Epstein , A. Dirk Hightower , Michael Weitzman (2006). Maternal Depressive Symptoms Are Adversely Associated With Prevention Practices and Parenting Behaviors for Preschool Children . Ambulatory Pediatrics, 6(1), 32-37. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  52. Westminster Commission on Autism (2016). A Spectrum of Obstacles. An Inquiry into Access to Healthcare for Autistic People . A Spectrum of Obstacles. An Inquiry into Access to Healthcare for Autistic People.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  53. Amie Duncan , Somer Bishop (2015). Understanding the gap between cognitive abilities and daily living skills in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders with average intelligence . Autism, 19(1), 64-72. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  54. Arnold Sameroff (2010). A Unified Theory of Development: A Dialectic Integration of Nature and Nurture . Child Development, 81(1), 6-22. Oxford University Press (OUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  55. Gillian Baird , Emily Simonoff , Andrew Pickles , Susie Chandler , Tom Loucas , David Meldrum et al. (2006). Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP) . The Lancet, 368(9531), 210-215. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  56. Virginia Carter Leno , Susie Chandler , Pippa White , Isabel Yorke , Tony Charman , Andrew Pickles et al. (2018). Alterations in electrophysiological indices of perceptual processing and discrimination are associated with co-occurring emotional and behavioural problems in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder . Molecular Autism, 9(1), 50-50. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    OpenCitations
  57. Dominic Stringer , Rachel Kent , Jackie Briskman , Steve Lukito , Tony Charman , Gillian Baird et al. (2020). Trajectories of emotional and behavioral problems from childhood to early adult life . Autism, 24(4), 1011-1024. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  58. Virginia Carter Leno , Silia Vitoratou , Rachel Kent , Tony Charman , Susie Chandler , Catherine RG Jones et al. (2019). Exploring the neurocognitive correlates of challenging behaviours in young people with autism spectrum disorder . Autism, 23(5), 1152-1164. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  59. Katherine Gotham , Steven M. Brunwasser , Catherine Lord (2015). Depressive and anxiety symptom trajectories from school age through young adulthood in samples with autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(5), 369-376.e3. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  60. Matthew Hollocks , Jian Wei Lerh , Iliana Magiati , Richard Meiser-Stedman , Traolach Brugha (2019). Anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Psychological Medicine, 49(4), 559-572. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  61. E. Jane Costello , Sarah Mustillo , Alaattin Erkanli , Gordon Keeler , Adrian Angold (2003). Prevalence and Development of Psychiatric Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence . Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(8), 837. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  62. David S. Arnold , Susan G. O'Leary , Lisa S. Wolff , Maureen M. Acker (1993). The Parenting Scale: A measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 137-144. American Psychological Association (APA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  63. Jarymke Maljaars , Hannah Boonen , Greet Lambrechts , Karla Van Leeuwen , Ilse Noens (2014). Maternal Parenting Behavior and Child Behavior Problems in Families of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(3), 501-512. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  64. Daniel W. Hoover , Joan Kaufman (2018). Adverse childhood experiences in children with autism spectrum disorder . Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 31(2), 128-132. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  65. Julie Taylor , Marsha Mailick Seltzer (2011). Employment and Post-Secondary Educational Activities for Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders During the Transition to Adulthood . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(5), 566-574. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  66. Deborah K Anderson , Melissa P Maye , Catherine Lord (2011). Changes in Maladaptive Behaviors From Midchildhood to Young Adulthood in Autism Spectrum Disorder . American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 116(5), 381-397. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  67. Julian Tillmann , Antonia San José Cáceres , Christopher Chatham , Daisy Crawley , Rosemary Holt , Bethany Oakley et al. (2019). Investigating the factors underlying adaptive functioning in autism in the EU‐AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project . Autism Research, 12(4), 645-657. Wiley.
    OpenCitations
  68. Nina Mikita , Matthew Hollocks , Andrew S. Papadopoulos , Alexandra Aslani , Simon Harrison , Ellen Leibenluft et al. (2015). Irritability in boys with autism spectrum disorders: an investigation of physiological reactivity . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(10), 1118-1126. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  69. Kylie M. Gray , Caroline Keating , John Taffe , Avril Brereton , Stewart Einfeld , Bruce Tonge (2012). Trajectory of Behavior and Emotional Problems in Autism . American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 117(2), 121-133. Informa UK Limited.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  70. Ronald C. Kessler , Peggy R. Barker , Lisa J. Colpe , Joan F. Epstein , Joseph C. Gfroerer , Eva Hiripi et al. (2003). Screening for Serious Mental Illness in the General Population . Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(2), 184. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  71. Naomi Davis , Alice S. Carter (2008). Parenting Stress in Mothers and Fathers of Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Associations with Child Characteristics . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1278-1291. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  72. Hilda Ho , Karen Fergus , Adrienne Perry (2018). Looking back and moving forward: The experiences of canadian parents raising an adolescent with autism spectrum disorder . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 52, 12-22. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  73. Christophe Maïano , Annie Aimé , Marie-Claude Salvas , Alexandre J.S. Morin , Claude L. Normand (2016). Prevalence and correlates of bullying perpetration and victimization among school-aged youth with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49-50, 181-195. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  74. Kristy A. Anderson , Collette Sosnowy , Alice A. Kuo , Paul Shattuck (2018). Transition of Individuals With Autism to Adulthood: A Review of Qualitative Studies . Pediatrics, 141(Supplement_4), S318-S327. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  75. Stephanie A. Hayes , Shelley L. Watson (2013). The Impact of Parenting Stress: A Meta-analysis of Studies Comparing the Experience of Parenting Stress in Parents of Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(3), 629-642. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  76. Luc Lecavalier (2006). Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Young People with Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Relative Prevalence, Effects of Subject Characteristics, and Empirical Classification . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 1101-1114. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  77. Leann E. Smith , Kristy A. Anderson (2014). The Roles and Needs of Families of Adolescents With ASD . Remedial and Special Education, 35(2), 114-122. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  78. Matthew Hollocks , Catherine R.G. Jones , Andrew Pickles , Gillian Baird , Francesca Happé , Tony Charman et al. (2014). The Association Between Social Cognition and Executive Functioning and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders . Autism Research, 7(2), 216-228. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1361 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2100273199
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  79. David Daley , Saskia van der Oord , Maite Ferrin , Marina Danckaerts , Manfred Doepfner , Samuele Cortese et al. (2014). Behavioral Interventions in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Across Multiple Outcome Domains . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(8), 835-847.e5. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  80. Rebecca Rodrigues , Meng-Chuan Lai , Adam Beswick , Daniel A. Gorman , Evdokia Anagnostou , Péter Szatmári et al. (2021). Practitioner Review: Pharmacological treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta‐analysis . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(6), 680-700. Wiley.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  81. L. EUGENE ARNOLD , BENEDETTO VITIELLO , CHRISTOPHER MCDOUGLE , LARRY SCAHILL , BHAVIK SHAH , NILDA M. GONZALEZ et al. (2003). Parent-Defined Target Symptoms Respond to Risperidone in RUPP Autism Study: Customer Approach to Clinical Trials . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(12), 1443-1450. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  82. Danielle Ung , Robert Selles , Brent J. Small , Eric A. Storch (2015). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety in Youth with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders . Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(4), 533-547. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  83. Vasiliki Totsika , Richard P. Hastings , Eric Emerson , Gillian A. Lancaster , Damon M. Berridge , Dimitrios Vagenas (2013). Is There a Bidirectional Relationship Between Maternal Well‐Being and Child Behavior Problems in Autism Spectrum Disorders? Longitudinal Analysis of a Population‐Defined Sample of Young Children . Autism Research, 6(3), 201-211. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.1279 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W1514742912
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  84. Victoria Hallett , Joanne Mueller , Lauren Breese , Megan Hollett , Bryony Beresford , Annie Irvine et al. (2021). Introducing ‘Predictive Parenting’: A Feasibility Study of a New Group Parenting Intervention Targeting Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(1), 323-333. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  85. Louisa M. T. Silva , Mark Schalock (2012). Autism Parenting Stress Index: Initial Psychometric Evidence . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(4), 566-574. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  86. Theresa S. Emser , Trevor G. Mazzucchelli , Hanna Christiansen , Matthew R. Sanders (2016). Child Adjustment and Parent Efficacy Scale-Developmental Disability (CAPES-DD): First psychometric evaluation of a new child and parenting assessment tool for children with a developmental disability . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53-54, 158-177. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  87. Tony Charman , Andrew Pickles , Emily Simonoff , S. Chandler , T. Loucas , Gillian Baird (2011). IQ in children with autism spectrum disorders: data from the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP) . Psychological Medicine, 41(3), 619-627. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  88. Marina Romero-Gonzalez , Susie Chandler , Emily Simonoff (2018). The relationship of parental expressed emotion to co-occurring psychopathology in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review . Research in Developmental Disabilities, 72, 152-165. Elsevier BV.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.10.022
    OpenCitations
  89. Julian Tillmann , Antonia San José Cáceres , Christopher Chatham , Daisy Crawley , Rosemary Holt , Bethany Oakley et al. (2019). Investigating the factors underlying adaptive functioning in autism in the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project . Autism Res, 12(4), 645. Wiley.
    Type: Article DOI: 10.1002/aur.2081 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2908699339
    Crossref OpenAlex
  90. Caroline Mitchell , Brian McMillan , Teresa Hagan (2017). Mental health help-seeking behaviours in young adults . British Journal of General Practice, 67(654), 8-9. Royal College of General Practitioners.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  91. Jeffrey J. Wood , Philip C. Kendall , Karen S. Wood , Connor M. Kerns , Michael Seltzer , Brent J. Small et al. (2020). Cognitive Behavioral Treatments for Anxiety in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder . JAMA Psychiatry, 77(5), 474. American Medical Association (AMA).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  92. Abi Bangerter , Seth Ness , Michael G. Aman , Anna J. Esbensen , Matthew S. Goodwin , Géraldine Dawson et al. (2017). Autism Behavior Inventory: A Novel Tool for Assessing Core and Associated Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 27(9), 814-822. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  93. Isabel Yorke , Pippa White , Amelia Weston , Monica Rafla , Tony Charman , Emily Simonoff (2018). The Association Between Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Psychological Distress in Their Parents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(10), 3393-3415. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  94. David Trembath , Carmela Germano , Graeme Johanson , Cheryl Dissanayake (2012). The Experience of Anxiety in Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders . Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 27(4), 213-224. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  95. Virginia Carter Leno , Susie Chandler , Pippa White , Andrew Pickles , Gillian Baird , Chris Hobson et al. (2018). Testing the specificity of executive functioning impairments in adolescents with ADHD, ODD/CD and ASD . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(7), 899-908. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  96. Luc Lecavalier , Jeffrey J. Wood , Alycia Halladay , Nancy E. Jones , Michael G. Aman , Edwin H. Cook et al. (2014). Measuring Anxiety as a Treatment Endpoint in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(5), 1128-1143. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  97. Virginia Carter Leno , Rachael Bedford , Susie Chandler , Pippa White , Isabel Yorke , Tony Charman et al. (2021). Callous-unemotional traits in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): replication of prevalence estimates and associations with gaze patterns when viewing fearful faces . Development and Psychopathology, 33(4), 1220-1228. Cambridge University Press (CUP).
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  98. S. Chandler , Patricia Howlin , Emily Simonoff , J. Kennedy , Gillian Baird (2016). Comparison of parental estimate of developmental age with measured IQ in children with neurodevelopmental disorders . Child: Care, Health and Development, 42(4), 486-493. Wiley.
    OpenCitations
  99. Virginia Carter Leno , Georgia Forth , Susie Chandler , Philippa White , Isabel Yorke , Tony Charman et al. (2021). Behavioural and physiological response to frustration in autistic youth: associations with irritability . Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 13(1), 27. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  100. Ruth Tennant , Louise Hiller , Ruth Fishwick , Stephen Platt , Stephen Joseph , Scott Weich et al. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation . Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5(1), 63. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  101. Lord (2012). Autism diagnostic observation schedule–2nd edition (ADOS-2) . Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – 2nd Edition (ADOS-2), 284.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  102. Rutter (2005). ADI-R: Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised: Manual . ADI-R: Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised: Manual.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  103. Emily Simonoff , Florence Mowlem , Oliver Pearson , Evdokia Anagnostou , Craig Donnelly , Eric Hollander et al. (2022). Citalopram Did Not Significantly Improve Anxiety in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Undergoing Treatment for Core Symptoms: Secondary Analysis of a Trial to Reduce Repetitive Behaviors . Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 32(4), 233-241. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  104. Muthen (1998). Mplus User’s Guide . Mplus User’s Guide.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  105. Egger (2004). Handbook of Infant, Toddler, and Preschool Mental Health Assessment . Handbook of Infant, Toddler, and Preschool Mental Health Assessment.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  106. Matthew Hollocks , Virginia Carter Leno , Susie Chandler , Pippa White , Isabel Yorke , Tony Charman et al. (2023). Psychiatric conditions in autistic adolescents: longitudinal stability from childhood and associated risk factors . European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(11), 2197-2208. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  107. Lucy Stuttard , Bryony Beresford , Susan Clarke , Jennifer Beecham , Andy Morris (2016). An evaluation of the Cygnet parenting support programme for parents of children with autism spectrum conditions . Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 166-178. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  108. Harrison (2003). Adaptive Behavior Assessment System ® (ABAS) . Adaptive Behavior Assessment System ® (ABAS).
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  109. H.J. Eysenck (1983). Coercive family process . Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(5), 586-587. Elsevier BV.
    OpenAlex
  110. Melanie Palmer , Joanne Tarver , Juan Paris Perez , Thomas Cawthorne , Renee Romeo , Dominic Stringer et al. (2019). A novel group parenting intervention to reduce emotional and behavioural difficulties in young autistic children: protocol for the Autism Spectrum Treatment and Resilience pilot randomised controlled trial . BMJ Open, 9(6), e029959. BMJ.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  111. Abigail Bangerter , Seth Ness , David Lewin , Michael G. Aman , Anna J. Esbensen , Matthew S. Goodwin et al. (2020). Clinical Validation of the Autism Behavior Inventory: Caregiver-Rated Assessment of Core and Associated Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(6), 2090-2101. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  112. Melanie Palmer , Juan Paris Perez , Joanne Tarver , Thomas Cawthorne , Margot Frayne , Sophie Webb et al. (2021). Development of the Observation Schedule for Children with Autism–Anxiety, Behaviour and Parenting (OSCA–ABP): A New Measure of Child and Parenting Behavior for Use with Young Autistic Children . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(1), 1-14. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  113. Danforth (2013). Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders . Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  114. Patterson (1982). Coercive Family Process . Coercive Family Process.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  115. Laura Crane , Fern Adams , Georgia Harper , Jack Welch , Elizabeth Pellicano (2019). ‘Something needs to change’: Mental health experiences of young autistic adults in England . Autism, 23(2), 477-493. SAGE Publications.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  116. Tony Charman , Melanie Palmer , Dominic Stringer , Victoria Hallett , Joanne Mueller , Renee Romeo et al. (2021). A Novel Group Parenting Intervention for Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties in Young Autistic Children: Autism Spectrum Treatment and Resilience (ASTAR): A Randomized Controlled Trial . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(11), 1404-1418. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  117. Kathy Leadbitter , Richard Smallman , Kirsty James , Gemma Shields , Ceri Ellis , Sophie Langhorne et al. (2022). REACH-ASD: A UK randomised controlled trial of a new post-diagnostic psycho-education and acceptance and commitment therapy programme against treatment-as-usual for improving the mental health and adjustment of caregivers of children recently diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Type: Preprint DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1534337/v1
    OpenCitations
  118. Melanie Palmer , Virginia Carter Leno , Victoria Hallett , Joanne M. Mueller , Lauren Breese , Andrew Pickles et al. (2023). Effects of a Parenting Intervention for Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Young Autistic Children Under Conditions of Enhanced Uncertainty: Two-Year Follow-up of a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Cohort (ASTAR) During the United Kingdom COVID-19 Pandemic . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 62(5), 558-567. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  119. Rebecca DelCarmen‐Wiggins , Alice S. Carter (2004). Handbook of infant, toddler, and preschool mental health assessment.
    Type: Other OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W2979116133
    OpenAlex
  120. Janina Brede , Eilidh Cage , Joseph Trott , Lisa Palmer , Anika Smith , Lucy Serpell et al. (2022). “We Have to Try to Find a Way, a Clinical Bridge” - autistic adults' experience of accessing and receiving support for mental health difficulties: A systematic review and thematic meta-synthesis . Clinical Psychology Review, 93, 102131. Elsevier BV.
    Crossref OpenAlex OpenCitations
  121. Beecham (1992). Measuring Mental Health Needs . Measuring Mental Health Needs.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  122. Anne Snow (2013). Social Communication Questionnaire . In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 2893-2895). Springer New York.
    OpenAlex
  123. (2021). Aberrant Behavior Checklist – Community . In Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders (pp. 21-21). Springer International Publishing.
    OpenAlex
  124. Kathy Leadbitter , Richard Smallman , Kirsty James , Gemma Shields , Ceri Ellis , Sophie Langhorne et al. (2022). REACH-ASD: a UK randomised controlled trial of a new post-diagnostic psycho-education and acceptance and commitment therapy programme against treatment-as-usual for improving the mental health and adjustment of caregivers of children recently diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder . Res Square, 25(1), 585. Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
    Crossref OpenAlex
  125. Robert P. Archer , Linda J. Baum (2016). Forensic uses of clinical assessment instruments. In APA handbook of psychology and juvenile justice. (pp. 425-443). American Psychological Association.
    Type: Book chapter DOI: 10.1037/14643-020 OpenAlex: https://openalex.org/W4302569854
    OpenAlex
  126. Wallace (2014). One in a Hundred: Putting Families at the Heart of Autism Research . One in a Hundred: Putting Families at the Heart of Autism Research.
    Type: Other
    Crossref
  127. The National Autistic Society (2010). A. You Need to Know . A. You Need to Know.
    Type: Other
    Crossref