General practitioners’ perspectives regarding early developmental surveillance for autism within the australian primary healthcare setting: a qualitative study

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Barbaro, J., Winata, T., Gilbert, M., Nair, R., Khan, F., Lucien, A., Islam, R., Masi, A., Mendoza Diaz, A., Dissanayake, C., Karlov, L., Descallar, J., Eastwood, J., Hasan, I., Jalaludin, B., Kohlhoff, J., Liaw, S. T., Lingam, R., Ong, N.,..., & Eapen, V. (2023). General practitioners’ perspectives regarding early developmental surveillance for autism within the australian primary healthcare setting: a qualitative study. BMC Primary Care, 24(1), 159-159. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-023-02121-6

Publication date: 10 Aug 2023 Added to AutiHub: 7 Sep 2026 Type: Article Article language: English
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Authors

Publication authors
22
Publication authors identified as autistic
1 / 22 (4.5%)
  1. Josephine Barbaro *
  2. Teresa Winata
  3. Melissa Gilbert
  4. Radhika Nair
  5. Feroza Khan
  6. Abbie Lucien
  7. Raisa Islam
  8. Anne Masi
  1. Antonio Mendoza Diaz
  2. Cheryl Dissanayake
  3. Lisa Karlov
  4. Joseph Descallar
  5. John Eastwood
  6. Iqbal Hasan
  7. Bin Jalaludin
  8. Jane Kohlhoff
  1. S. T. Liaw
  2. Raghu Lingam
  3. Natalie Ong
  4. Chun Wah Michael Tam
  5. Sue Woolfenden
  6. Valsamma Eapen

Abstract

Abstract Background Significant challenges remain in the early identification of child developmental disabilities in the community. Implementing supports and services early in the life course has been shown to promote positive developmental outcomes for children at high likelihood of developmental disabilities, including autism. As part of a cluster randomised controlled trial, this study seeks to examine and compare the perspectives and experiences of Australian general practitioners (GPs) in relation to a digital developmental surveillance program for autism and usual care pathway, in general practice clinics. Methods A qualitative research methodology with semi-structured interviews and thematic inductive analysis underpinned by grounded theory was utilised. All GPs from South Western Sydney (NSW) and Melbourne (Victoria) who participated in the main program (“GP Surveillance for Autism”) were invited to the interview. GPs who provided consent were interviewed either over online or in-person meeting. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded using NVivo12 software. Inductive interpretive approach was adopted and data were analysed thematically. Results Twenty-three GPs across the two sites (NSW: n = 11; Victoria: n = 12) agreed to be interviewed; data saturation had reached following this number of participants. Inductive thematic coding and analysis yielded eight major themes and highlighted common enablers such as the role of GPs in early identification and subsequent supports, enhanced communication between clinicians/professionals, relationship-building with patients, and having standardised screening tools. Specific facilitators to the feasibility and acceptability of a digital screening program for the early identification of developmental disabilities, including the early signs of autism, and encouraging research and education for GPs. However, several practical and socioeconomic barriers were identified, in addition to limited knowledge and uptake of child developmental screening tools as well as COVID-19 lockdown impacts. Common and specific recommendations involve supporting GPs in developmental/paediatrics training, streamlined screening process, and funding and resources in the primary healthcare services. Conclusions The study highlighted the need for practice and policy changes, including further training of GPs alongside sufficient time to complete developmental checks and appropriate financial remuneration through a Medicare billing item. Further research is needed on implementation and scale up of a national surveillance program for early identification of developmental disabilities, including autism.

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These indicators describe the bibliography cited by this publication. An author name is counted each time it appears in one cited reference, so the same person can be counted more than once. Names not yet linked to an author already present in AutiHub are treated as unknown, not as non-autistic. Last computed: 12 Sep 2026 18:18.

Cited references
59
With a DOI
44
Without a DOI, from raw bibliography text
14
8 / 59 (13.6%) cited references include at least one author identified as autistic.
References with data to complete
11 / 59 (18.6%)
References with detected author names
49 / 59 (83.1%)
Without detected author names
10
Without a structured title
11
Without a stable identifier
14
References with raw author names still to review
9
References with external metadata lookup issues
0
These indicators apply to cited references displayed on this page, after technical duplicates have been merged. A reference without a DOI can still support author statistics when a title and author names are available.
Author names detected in the cited bibliography
356
From DOI or external metadata
356
From validated raw bibliography text
0
Raw names already validated
0
Raw names still to review
17
132 / 356 (37.1%) names are linked to an author already present in AutiHub. 224 / 356 (62.9%) names are not yet linked.
Names linked to a person identified as autistic
8 / 356 (2.2%)
Calculated across all author names detected in the cited bibliography. Among names linked to an author already present in AutiHub: 8 / 132 (6.1%). Distinct people identified as autistic: 1 / 255 (0.4%).
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